Soccer is my Hobby Essay -- Art

Soccer is my Hobby Why soccer is my hobby. Everybody has different hobbies that he or she would like to do for fun or relaxation. They can be either physical activities like jogging, football, swimming, skateboarding†¦ or mental activities like reading, watching movies, playing computers†¦ and depend on each personality. For me, soccer is my hobby because it’s part of my life and I cannot live without it. Living in country like Vietnam, soccer is the king of sport. That is why it is not surprising that my childhood has grown up with the soccer’s ball until today. My mom told me that I liked kicking the ball around and had so much fun with it when I was only about two years old. Since then, playing soccer is my favorite’s sport and it is my hobby whenever I have free time. It is interesting and amazing, especially the feeling when I score a goal or my teammates do it. That feeling fulfills in me like I have just archived something very important. Playing soccer also helps me to relax and be confident when I have stress and frustration. For instant, after doing assignment or studying all day long, I feel tired and exhausted. However, having fun with the ball such as kicking it against the wall or trying to do some tricks, all of my tiresome and exhaustion die out. Moreover, soccer is not only about passing and kicking the ball but also required a lot of thought, and some basic skills. So I often practice it and obviously, I feel healthy and stronger. Besides that, so...

The Intent Behind the Enuma Elish (Creation Epic) Essay -- Enuma Elish

The Intent Behind the Enuma Elish  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   The Enuma Elish, often known as The Creation Epic, is often considered the primary source of Mesopotamian cosmology. However, to view the Enuma Elish as a cosmological myth obscures the true intent of the epicà ­s author. The cosmological elements of the Enuma Elish are secondary to the authorà ­s effort to explain the supremacy of Marduk, to justify absolute oriental monarchy, and to defend Babylon as the axis mundi. The Enuma Elish was composed in Babylonin the early second millennium B.C.E. The decay of Sumerian civilization allowed the Old-Babylonian Empire to become the cultural and political center of Mesopotamia. Babylon was governed by absolute and despotic kings capable of wielding enough power to ensure the continued existence of massive building projects and large-scale irrigation. The harsh environment of Mesopotamia often necessitated the absolute rule by a king powerful enough to command the resources required to maintain civilization. The poet behind the Enuma Elish sought to justify the position and government of Ba...

Electrical :: essays research papers

Bailiff: All rise, the honorable Judge James Means presiding over the case of Brown vs. Rowe. You may be seated. Judge: This is the case of a one Darius Brown versus Jason Rowe in a matter dealing with the harmful effects of Electrocovulusive Therapy. Councilmen, your opening statements please. Prosecutor: Electroconvulsive Therapy, also known as ECT, is an appalling, not to mention, harmful practice used in mental treatment. This practice is not safe and it does not improve the patient’s condition. My client, having experienced these treatments will testify against this unethical practice. Brandie: Your Honor and ladies and gentlemen of the jury. My client Psychiatrist Rowe is being put on ‘[ trial for his practices of ECT. ECT has been incorporated for many years. It is one of the safest medical procedures involving regular anesthesia and its effectiveness has been proven beyond doubt. Judge: Prosecution, you may call your witness. Prosecutor: Your Honor, I call Darius Brown to the stand. Judge: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth so help you god? Darius: I do. Prosecutor: Isn’t it true that you had to undergo treatments of ECT? Darius: Yes and it was bad. They shocked me and I started shaking. Prosecutor: Were there any adverse effects after you received ECT? Darius: Yes, its brain damaging. I often have trouble remembering and sometimes I get headaches. Prosecutor: So what you’re saying is, that ECT is harmful? Darius: Yes Brandie: Objection, Prosecutor is leading the witness! Judge: Sustained, the jury will disregard Mr. Brown’s last statement. Prosecutor: Did ECT improve your medical condition? Darius: Yes, but only to a small extent and only after altering my brain. Prosecutor: Thank you, Sir. Judge: Your witness, Ms. Cohen. Brandie: Mr. Brown, didn’t you just testify that your condition was improved? Darius: Yes Brandie: So how can you argue that it is not effective? As with any medication or surgical procedure, sure ECT has adverse effects. What is your major complaint? Darius: I can’t remember†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦oh, yes it’s memory disturbance. Brandie: So everything is fine? You can breathe, comprehend, and function normally. Perhaps even better than before your treatments. The only problem is a little memory complications? Nothing major right? Darius: I guess you could say that. Brandie: No further questions, your Honor. Judge: You may step down. The defense may call its witness. Brandie: Your Honor, I call Dr. Rowe to the stand. Judge: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth so help you god?

Tok Natural and Human Sciences

In my opinion I believe that expectations influence or observations greatly. If we think something will happen we are more likely to look hard for it. If we want something to appear then it is more likely that we will think that we see it. An example of this is when people hallucinate. Someone is more likely to see a ghost if they believe or are expecting to see one. In natural sciences when looking for something in an experiment we may think we see it if we are really hoping or expecting to see it.For example when looking for bubbles rising in different liquids and we are expecting one to rise then we may think we saw one and if not expecting one to rise we may think that it wasn’t one. Another supporting example is when we are looking for someone and we see someone either in the distance or we see a flash or someone, if we are expecting to see that person or hoping to see them we may interpret them as the one we are looking for.This shows how expectations can influence our o bservations in seeing what we want and/or what we expect to see. Although to an extent expectations don’t completely influence our observations. They don’t change them only impact on them. We may see after that it isn’t when we focus more on the subject. So our observations can be momentarily manipulated but not completely. It depends whether it is a positive expectation or negative expectationHuman Sciences – How do the human sciences differ from the natural sciences? Human sciences study human life and human activities. It includes fields of study such as social sciences like history, anthropology, sociology and many others. Basically, everything that has humans all over it. Natural sciences on the other hand studies the universe. It includes fields of study such as biology, astrology, chemistry, physics and others. Basically, everything about nature and what is around us.

National Health Insurance Ghana Health And Social Care Essay

Health in Ghana includes the bar, attention and intervention of diseases and other maladies. As parts of the Ghanese economic system are non to the full industrialised, issues arise that are common to turning healthcare systems, such as waterborne diseases and sanitation jobs. Diseases in Ghana are reasonably similar to those endemic in other Sub-saharan states, with diseases as malaria and HIV/AIDS holding important impact on the population. Like many other states in Africa, Ghana spent much of the 1980s and 1990s paying off debt and ordaining asceticism steps designed to shore up its economic system. The state ‘s wellness sector perceptibly suffered under the economic cutbacks, ensuing in staff deficits and hapless care of wellness installations ( Oppong, 2001: 357-70 ) . In order to control the impairment of wellness services and to hike the quality of wellness attention bringing, Ghana finally implemented a pay-per-service wellness attention theoretical account. This normally referred to as the â€Å" cash-and-carry † system. However, the pay-per-service theoretical account unwittingly ended up know aparting against Ghana ‘s most vulnerable communities, rendering wellness services unaffordable to them. Not surprisingly, a significant diminution in the figure of people accessing wellness attention services in infirmaries became apparent shortly after, with estimations proposing at least a 25 per centum bead in use. The greatest diminutions were recorded among the hapless, aged, adult females, and rural occupants ( Anyiman 1989: 531-47 ; Hutchful 2002: 129-40 ; Konadu-Agyemang, 2000: 475-81 ; Waddington and Enimayew, 1990: 287-312 ) . Ghana ‘s National Health Insurance Scheme ( NHIS ) has been described as ‘pro-poor ‘ because it is scaled to income, leting entree to affordable wellness attention for low-income Ghanaians. There is ongoing argument over the existent rate of registration in the NHIS ; official figures put it at over 60 per centum of Ghana ‘s population, while other surveies cite Numberss that range every bit low as 18 to 34 per centum. Despite efforts to portray the NHIS as pro-poor, there is grounds to suggest that Ghana is fighting to inscribe hapless sections of the population, with the rich at least twice every bit likely to inscribe compared to the hapless. NO. 8 July 2011 The failure of the cash-and-carry system to provide for the wellness attention demands of the state ‘s most vulnerable populations placed wellness attention services and bringing betterments on top of the state ‘s development docket. In 2003, the National Health Insurance Act was approved by parliament, followed by the launch of the National Health Insurance Scheme ( NHIS ) in 2004. The NHIS was designed to offer low-cost wellness attention to the state ‘s hapless, with grownups lending a minimum one-year payment in comparing with the value of their possible wellness attention use. The creative activity of the NHIS has been widely extolled as a imperfect and â€Å" pro-poor † policy. Since its debut in 2004, entree to wellness attention in Ghana has improved significantly, but there are many defects under the plan. This proposal seeks to research the impact of the NHIS in Ghana, stressing both the wellness features and results of adult females who are enrolled with those outside the strategy. It besides seeks to analyze the differences in wellness and use between these two groups of adult females and understand why some adult females join while others do non.Research OBJECTIVESThe chief aim of this survey is to carry on a comprehensive appraisal of the national wellness insurance strategy through the lens of adult females. The survey will further seek to ; Understand how the NHIS work in Ghana. Understand the impact of the NHIS on wellness features. Understand the impact of the strategy ‘s registration on the hapless and pro-poor. Ascertain how the strategy is lending to the wellness demands of adult females in Ghana.RESEARCH QUESTIONSThe chief research inquiry of the survey is to look into how the NHIS is impacting on the wellness of adult females in Ghana. The survey besides aims to look into the followers ; Why are some adult females seeking wellness attention outside the strategy? Why is the registration of the rich to the strategy increasing every bit compared to the hapless or pro-poor? What are the differences in wellness features between adult females who join the strategy and those who do non?RESEARCH TARGETS, MAIN CONCERNS AND CONTENTThis research will aim adult females between the ages of 15 to 49 old ages and their kids. The research will be conducted in two parts of Ghana, that is the Brong Ahafo part and the Upper East part. The Brong Ahafo part was chosen because it has the longest period runing the wellness insurance strategy ; it besides has a good mix of rural and urban colonies which is representative of Ghana. It besides has an first-class mix of formal and informal activities. Last it is the largest part in Ghana and lies in the geographic centre of the state. The Upper East part was chosen for assorted grounds ; one being that it is the most sparsely populated and poorest part in Ghana and rather representative of the northern half of the state. It was besides chosen because of immensely savanna flora and predominately rural hapless, supplying contrast to the Brong Ahafo part and the southern half of the state.NARATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE POLICYHealth insurance is an agreement that provides the chance to contribute to a fund that can be drawn from when in demand of medical attention. Under Ghana ‘s NHIS, unanticipated wellness attention costs are transferred into fixed premiums, replacing lump-sum out-of-pocket wellness attention payments with a more low-cost and frequent outgo in the signifier of premium payments. In other words, wellness insurance participants portion the fiscal load of wellness attention costs by pooling together their fiscal resources ( Atim, 1999: 881-96 ; Edoh and Brenya, 2002: 41 ; Ekman, 2004: 249-50 ) . In add-on to the premium payments made by enrolled grownups, the NHIS besides draws support from the federal authorities and a 2.5 per centum value added revenue enhancement, applied to all goods and services. The â€Å" pro-poor † perceptual experience of the NHIS is based on three distinct features of the plan. First, the broad benefits bundle creates a degree playing field by easing wellness attention entree for everyone regardless of their fiscal position. Second, the premium sum is measured by incomes, non demand, and are based on the member ‘s ability to pay. On these skiding graduated tables, those who earn more, pay more and those who earn less, wage less, with exact premium payments changing across the state based on the rates set at the territory degree. Harmonizing to the National Health Insurance Authority, the one-year premiums range between Ghanaian Cedis 7.20 to 48.00 ( or about US $ 4.59 to US $ 30.61 ) . Those who work for the authorities are automatically covered by the NHIS through their societal security payments, though they must officially register themselves within their territory. Third, from its oncoming, the NHIS has allowed free wellness coverage for all those considered to be destitute and unable to pay. Under the National Health Insurance Act, an ‘indigent ‘ is considered to be any individual who meets the undermentioned standards: a ) is unemployed and has no seeable beginning of income ; B ) does non hold a fixed topographic point of abode harmonizing to criterions determined by the strategy ; degree Celsiuss ) does non populate with a individual who is employed and who has a fixed topographic point of abode ; and or vitamin D ) does non hold any identifiable consistent support from another individual. The destitute freedom position is intended to protect those missing the fiscal and societal support necessary to get rank in the strategy. However, there have been many unfavorable judgments of the indigent and other freedom positions. Since the execution of the NHIS over seven old ages ago, the state ‘s wellness attention system has increasingly improved. In its original format, the NHIS includes payment freedoms for indigents, those over 70 old ages of age, and members of the formal economic system. Over the old ages, important add-ons have been made to the freedom lists, including coverage of all pregnant adult females since 2008, in acknowledgment of the importance of neonatal attention. Most late, kids under 18 old ages of age whose parents are presently enrolled in the NHIS became eligible for free wellness coverage. In an attempt to farther better young person wellness coverage, Ghana ‘s authorities has promised since 2009 to spread out this to all individuals under the age of 18, and non merely those with parents who are enrolled. This has non yet been rolled out. Reports show that NHIS coverage has been an of import tool in increased use of wellness installations ( Ministry of Health Ghana, 2010: 35 ; Witter and Garshong, 2009: 6 ) . In-patient use increased from 28,906 in 2005 to 846,311 in 2009 ( National Health Insurance Authority, 2010: 31 ) . The figure of out-patient visits increased to 18.7 million in 2010 ( from 2.4 million in 2006 ) and the Ministry of Health studies that the huge bulk of these patients were covered by the NHIS ( Ministry of Health Ghana, 2011: 39 ) While initial figures are assuring, the existent figure of Ghanaians enrolled in the NHIS remains a topic of argument and contention. The National Health Insurance Authority put the state ‘s registration at over 60 per centum in 2009, out-performing marks set for the twelvemonth 2015. But independent surveies and studies have questioned these official figures. For case, a survey in 2011 indicates that the registration rate sits closer to between 18 and 34 per centum if factors such as population additions and non-renewal of ranks are accounted for ( Apoya and Marriott, 2011 ; 58-61 ) . Similarly, informations from the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey found registration to be between 30 and 40 per centum ( see Dixon, Tenkorang and Luginaah, under reappraisal ) . Even more concerning is the fact that the figure of flush persons take parting in the NHIS is far greater than the figure of hapless Ghanaians enrolled in the strategy. Despite efforts to portray the NHIS as pro-poor, persons with low incomes covered under the strategy are outnumbered by flush 1s and a important part of hapless people still do non hold wellness coverage. Furthermore surveies show that ( though figures vary by part ) the rich are frequently twice every bit likely to inscribe in the strategy as compared to the hapless ( Asante and Aikins, 2008: 3 ; Jehu-Appiah, Aryeetey, Spaan, de Hoop, Agyepong and Baltussen, 2011: 157-63 ; Dixon, Tenkorang and Luginaah, under reappraisal ; Health Systems 20/20, 2009: 12 ; Sarpong et Al, 2010: 195 ; Witter and Garshong, 2009: 6 ) . There is a long list of grounds that hinder the engagement of hapless people in the strategy. First, paying wellness insurance fees on an on-going footing is frequently excessively expensive for hapless people, despite the long-run benefits of inscribing in the strategy. As persons begin to pay into the strategy, the immediate impact of wellness insurance fees can interpret into a lessening in financess for nutrient, communicating, or transit outgos ( Koch and Alaba, 2010: 180-1 ) . With the inexplicit trade-off between basic necessities and wellness insurance, NHIS premiums may be deemed to be an impractical disbursal by persons with low incomes. Although the strategy has made room for freedom positions, there have been jobs in their existent executing. For case, merely one per centum of those populating under Ghana ‘s poorness line were registered for the NHIS in 2008 ( Witter and Garshong, 2009: 5 ) , which seems to propose the uneffective execution of the indigent position freedom. It has been argued that the standard for the destitute freedom are excessively rigorous and should take into history specific local concepts of poorness in order to make those truly in demand of freedoms ( Aikins and Dzikunu, 2006: 12 ) . A treatment on the defects of Ghana ‘s wellness attention system can non be concluded without reference of the impact of mishandled bureaucratism, fraud and escapes. For case, the enrollment system is inefficient and impractical-names and individualities frequently get lost in the system ensuing in people stoping up either without coverage or being forced to pay unneeded fees ( Health Systems 20/20, 2009: 17 ; Apoya and Marriott, 2011: 30-1 ) . Deceitful claims are besides a major concern. In 2010, the National Health Insurance Authority ‘s ain audits found that 13 per centum of claims were undue. Furthermore, perceivers posit that because of the prevalence of improper showing methods, a proper audit is likely to happen that 20 per centum of claims are without virtue.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYFor this survey, single questionnaires will be distributed to a entire sample size of 300 adult females ; 150 from the Brong Ahafo part and 150 from the Upper East part. Institutional questionnaires will besides be distributed to the territory strategy directors from the two parts. Questions which would be asked in the single questionnaire include ; the socio-economic demographic features, NHIS registration or non registration, general wellness attention entree and use, morbidity, mortality and wellness position, maternal and child wellness attention and bar etc. Questionnaires will besides be distributed to forces who run the strategy in the two parts. Questions which would be asked in the institutional questionnaire will include ; the foundation of the strategy, administration and organisational construction, rank and premium benefits, direction and capacity edifice. The statistical tool employed for the rating will be the Propensity Score Matching ( Rosenbaun and Rubin 1983 ) . The grounds for following this tool are as follows ; There is a practical impossibleness of a randomised experiment. The ability to compare the wellness results of treated and untreated groups that are matched by relevant discernible features.RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONPROPENSITY SCORE ModelingTreatment Variable: NHIS rank. Control Variables: Age Education Marital position Religion Distance to wellness attention Ownership of telecasting Ownership of wireless set. Result Variables: Maternal/child wellness results Birth attended Hospital births Prenatal attention Birth complications Infant mortality These variables will so be subjected to analysis of discrepancy through the statistical treaty for societal scientific discipline ( SPSS ) . Focus group treatment will besides be undertaken with the stakeholders of the strategy. Here subjects such as NHIS procedures, benefit bundles, premiums and freedoms, prescriptions, maternal and child attention coverage, fiscal viability of the NHIS, the position jobs, chances and the manner frontward will be on the docket.

Mandating Writing Courses Essay

Writing is slowly becoming a lost art.   With modern technology, the writing process has become simpler; sometimes words are even completed and corrected by word processing programs for the writer.   Gone are the days of looking through dictionaries to find spellings and meanings of words. Writing is becoming shorter and more abbreviated, and many feel that since technology is cheapening our language, that college writing courses are not necessary.   They are mistaken.   College writing courses such as English 103 and 104 provide an opportunity to learn the skills that are taught through writing.   These very valuable, transferrable, and necessary skills for life and career are organization, research, and persuasion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Organization is a skill that is reinforced through writing courses, specifically courses like English 103 and 104 that force the writer to think critically about the timing of his or her argument and placement of fact.   Organization is a valuable skill to grasp for both life and career.   Organization aids in the ability to provide directions or information to other people. It also is essential when speaking in front of people in order that they can follow what is being said. An organized speaker or writer can communicate more effectively, and communication is paramount in both life and career in order to be successful.   Writing classes force students to practice being prepared and to put time and effort into their work.   These are skills students cannot succeed in other classes without.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   English 103 and 104 offer also opportunities to learn to research correctly and effectively.   Research is a necessary skill for college as well as in life and career.   It enhances learning and teaches students where to look for information.   It also teaches students how to be responsible for their own learning, which will carry over into their careers as they become responsible for their own jobs. In life, researching skills allow people to take control of their own spending habits and have more consumer power through the ability to have product knowledge and healthy living information available to them.   Research also teaches time management skills and enhances reading exposure to different media.   Research is an essential tool not only in school, but in life and career.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps the most valuable skill taught in writing classes such as English 103 and 104 is that of persuasion.   Once a student can organize and research effectively, he or she can present a credible and believable argument or persuasive talk or work not only in school, but in real life.   Persuasion is what is used to get a job initially and then to be promoted.   Even relationships require persuasion.   The art of the argument will never die; writing classes are essential in teaching this skill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is sad that as time goes by the English language, a beautiful and complex set of rules and symbols, becomes less important to society.   Colleges and universities should keep the requirements of writing courses such as English 103 and 104 for every student.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Educated people should know how to read and write well as well as posses great organizational skills, researching strategies and effective argumentation abilities.   Writing courses teach these skills.

The Lion as Symbol in Art

The lion has been a symbol in art since the origins of artistic representation have been documented (in pre-historic cave drawings to the later representation of the lion on city walls, coins, and household items such as vases and plates).   The lion in present day art realms is a symbol of strength and power[1].   The lion in more distant times was concurrent with these themes.   In order for a clear representation of the lion to be presented a look into its past dealing with art must be expounded.   Since artist draw the world around them, it must be inferred that in ancient Iran the lion was a prevalent animal and the artists of the time saw its powerful capabilities and associated that power with their own kings.   However, the lion is not a solitarily presented animal; it has other animal counter-parts such as the bull[2], the snake, the camel, the deer, etc.   In order for a precise discussion of the lion to be represented, these counterparts must also be included.T hese animals are the prey for the lion.   The lion show dominance over the above-mentioned animals, and in artistic representations of this battle, the viewer may infer the artist’s intention by how the lion is depicted, but first, some history about the lion in art,A study of the iconographies on vaes, seals, etc., from the earliest settlements of the Persian, Elamite and Mesopotamien area throughout the ages down to the Assyrian, Achaemenian and Seleucid periods, reeals a perfectly astrounding continuity of tradition in regard to a considerable part of the contellations, such as they were eventually transmitted to the Greeks.   That those uncounted reprentations of bulls, lions, scorpions and other figures, such ast he seven-headed hydra under the lion or the god with streams floating from his shoulders, are meant to be constellations, is in most cases clearly indicated by star symbols or by typical combinations and confrontations of two or more such astronomical elemen ts, or else by other typical concomitant motifs.  Ã‚   (Hartner The Conquering Lion 1964, 162).Thus, the lion was attributed to natural scenes found around the artist.   Since stars were such a dramatic and essential part of agrarian culture, it is not so far-fetched to believe that these artistic peoples placed the lion (a dominant figure in their own society both feared and revered) in the sky as a symbol, along with other animals (bull, bird, deer, etc.).   The calendar was instrumental in the daily lives of these people because it told them when certain seasons would arrive, when to plant crops, etc. and so, they continuously looked toward the skies for knowledge and inspiration:   In order to fully understand what they saw they gave common day items constellations by which to know the sky and by extension the season.   The Greeks or the Hellenistic calendar[3] as well as the Hispano-Islamic calendar[4] the solar year was understood and remembered.   Therefore, const ellations that are known today referred to as Leo, Taurus, etc, had their roots in ancient times.There was a symbolic and veritable battle taking place in the heavens for each of these cultures with their constellations.   As such, the two prominent constellations were Leo and Taurus.   They were in opposition to each other even in 4000 B.C.In the first half of February (counting according to the Gregorian Calendar), the constellations called later the â€Å"Hired Laborer† and the ‘plow’ had their heliacal rising and thereby indicated the time for Spring plowing, harrowing and sowing.   Just during this period, on February 10, the Pleiades, i.e. the leading star group of the Bull, Taurus, had their heliacal setting, i.e. were seen for the last time in the course of the year, to remain invisible (because in conjunction with the Sun) until, after 20 days, they rose again (heliacal rising), to indicate Spring equinox.   Now at the very moment of the Pleiades ’ heliacal setting (February 10, 4000 B.C.), the constellation of   Leo, standing 90 degrees apart, at the Persepolis or Ur occupies exactly the zenith, the â€Å"Royal Star†, Regulus-sarru, culminating at ca. 8 degrees distance from the zenith point.   (Hartner, 163).The significance in ancient culture of the above event was that it was interpreted as the victory of the lion over the bull.   The constellation Leo is at its apex during this time and is directly above the observer’s head and in its full spectrum of power.   It then is symbolic in this position has having killed the bull who has been escaping its equinox below the horizon to ‘hide behind the sun’s rays’.   After the lapsed time of 40 days will the constellation Taurus reappear and gain strength will the constellation Leo diminishes and set[5].   This is the classic Lion-Bull combat and can be seen in a plethora of paintings from this time to present art.   (Hartne r (163).As the Lion-Bull combat is dominant in Iranian art, especially with the lion as the victor is it imperative to juxtapose the lion with regality.   As such, one artistically representation piece that incorporates the beast is found on the cloak of Roger the second.   This cloak was created in Palermo around 528 H./A.D.   The cloak has an Arabic inscription that reads that the intention of the cloak is made for precise use for the treasury of the ‘Sicilian capital’ (Hartner 164).   Thus, the symbolic language of the cloak highlights the significance of the lion as representation of power , as Hartner states, â€Å"Indeed, the recent conquest of and rule over an Arab land, as well as Roger’s concern for the conversion of the ‘Saracens’, could not be better expressed than by the age-old motif of the lion slaying a big but weaker animal.   In this case, the latter was appropriately given in the shape of a camel† (164).The expressi on of the cloak is that of triumph over conquests and glory in those triumphs.   Not only is the lion in representation of royalty but also of military prowess.   In battle with different animals (snake, gazelle, bird, as the lion has often been represented slaying) the lion is victorious.   In cultural context, the lion’s symbols remain constant.   In Islam, for instance, the Great Mosque of Amid there is an archway that is framed on either side by the Lion-Bull motif.   These figures are excellently sculpted and juxtapose each other in a mirror image.   These figures were aesthetic by design but they also had political undertonesThe double scenes of the lion overcoming a bull would, according to van Berchem’s ingenious hypothesis, signify the tyrannical power exercised by the Nisanid over the Inalids; this assumption—and in particular the identification of the Inalid amir with a bull—is supported by another symbolic representation close to a n inscription on the city’s Aleepo Gate of 579 †¦Here the conqueror of the Inalids and of Diyarbakr, the Artuqid Muhammad, represents his victory by means of the emblem of a bird of prey over a bull’s head, which would again represent the same dynasty†¦(but the lion)should be regarded as a symbol of secular power. (Hartner, 166).In the early sixth and seventh centuries the lion stands out as a central motif.   The lion is a political symbol representing the power of one kingdom over another.   The lion essentially is a symbol of great power.   This is represented in the enameled dish of the Artuqid Dawud b. Sukman b. Artuq of Hisn-Kaifa[6] which has a classic lion motif.   The lion is pictured in the dish with a deer in the upper right.   There are other animals pictured on the dish as well, all quadrupeds or birds.   These animals are dominant over weaker animals (the birds of prey are more powerful that is) just as the lion overtakes the deer, s o do the birds reflect this predator/prey balance.   The central figure on the dish is Alexander the Great, ‘that is the apotheosis of the archetype of world ruler† (Hartner 166), so, the dish adequately represents the power symbol in the animal kingdom with the figure of one of the greatest rulers.The lion and the bull are prevalent in a power struggle throughout out, and the lion remains the victor of this battle.   Another prime example of this symbol can be witnessed on the gate of the citadel of Diyarbakr.   This symbol is associated with ancient Islam, as it existed in abundance in the art found in Umayyad near Jericho.   Here, there is mosaic dà ©cor that emphasizes the lion.   In the bathhouse in the palace, there is a mosaic room that is nonrepresentational and is mainly filled with geometric shapes, which was the aesthetic of the times, however, on the raised apse, where most likely the lord of the palace resided while in attendance is the mosaic sce ne of a lion and gazelles.This is a very naturalistic representation and more than likely the artist rendered it in accordance to true scenes found outside the palace.   The way in which this scene is compiled is reminiscent of Byzantine or Roman art.   The lion being incorporated onto the apse was not the only representation of power, but in the placement of the lion on the chair of the power figure of the palace is where strength could also be symbolized, as Hartner states, â€Å"This is underlined by the fact that the stucco figure of a ruler on the ceremonial gateway to the bath house complex is standing on two lions so that in this milieu the ion obviously had a royal connotation.   On the other hand, there has been found at Antioch a sixth-century mosaic frieze in which, on either side of trees, a wild beast is always juxtaposed to a tame animal†¦renders the older concept of uncompromising rule by the paramount power† (167).The lion as a symbol carried into o ther art forms as well such as the textile print based on the concepts of the lion permeated by the Sasanian era.   The silk depicts two hunters on horses with wings while in the foreground is a field of lions.   The lions are roaring in a berserk fashion.   Each rider is simultaneously holding up a lion cub.   The unique factor on the silk textile is that neither hunter holds a solitary weapon.   The figures then are representational of kings since they are surrounded with regal animals (not only the lions and cubs but also an eagle in the background) and their power can be seen in the fact that they do not have any weapons but rely on inner strength to hold the cubs.The Sasanian era is a plethora of lions being represented in art.   Assyrians were great supporters of the idea of lions as the king of the jungle and related this fact in artistic forms of their own kings or in art pieces were they wished to connote power,Assyrians regarded lions much like human enemies an d were thus eager to have their triumphs over them faithfully rendered; the image of the royal beast was then transformed into the conqueror himself, which meant that the kings identified themselves with the lion, be it in the metaphorical language of the historical accounts or visually, in the form or a royal emblem.   In this manner, the lion was shown in the act of triumph over the mighty bull, as we see it on the Boston disc[7].   Here the symbolic character appears quite evident from the fact that the ferocious lion looms so much larger than the less vitally rendered bovine animal, as it represented the point of view of patron and artist.   Such usage explains also why this motif occurs, for instance, as a design on the embroidered tunic of the ninth-century King Assurnasirpal (Hartner 168).The lion bull combat then is depicted as a regal power struggle with the lion being the victor.   This can be seen not only in the fact that the lion is, and has been the symbol of p ower but also in the way in which the battle is placed in relation to other objects (as was demonstrated on the apse and the picture of the owner atop two other lions, which showed dominance) as can be demonstrated by the great Apadana staircases.   Although the symbolism of royalty is not directed connoted with the lion, the juxtaposition of the relief can be found next to   an inscription by Xerxes which states, â€Å"of this wide, far-stretching earth† which is in reference to his celestial appointment.   (Hartner 169).The lion was also once on the flag representing Iran with the lion in front of the sun[8] and a sword in its grip.   The Iranians then have a prominent history involving the lion which seems to be a source unto itself as a symbol of kingly strength, as Hartner infers,At this point it is appropriate to indicate that a comparison of the Achaemenid reliefs with the earlier Assyrian version reveals that the Iranians had made great progress in perfecting the design.   While originally the symbolic situation necessitated the sharp contrast between a large, dynamic, and realistically rendered lion and a smaller, more inert and stylized bull, the actual relationship between the two animals is vague and remains artistically unresolved (169).The lion then becomes allegory in Iranian art, not only as it has been depicted in the past but as it is being represented in modern Iran as well.   Albeit, the lion has become more realistically draw in scale with the bull, so that the dominance of this beast over the lesser and inadequately equipped for battle quadruped, is exerted as an even more astounding display of heroics, dominance and strength.   Since the smaller lion is capable of defeating the more enormous bull, the association of a king with such allegory is representation of the king, though with lesser forces, can defeat his enemy who has many.Work CitedAdams, Liliana Osses.   (2003).   Sumerian Harps from Ur.   (Online).à ‚   Available:http://www.zwoje-scrolls.com/zwoje35/text11p.htm.Dorfles, Gillo.   (March 1957).   Communication and Symbol in the Work of Art.   TheJournal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism.   Vol. 15, No. 3.   pp.   289-297.Hartner, Willy.   (December 31, 1964).   The Conquering Lion, the Life Cycle of a Symbol.Oriens, Vol. 17.   pp.   161-171.Janson, H.W. & Anthony F. Janson.   (1997).   History of Art.   Fifth Edition Revised.   PrenticeHall, Inc., and Harry Abrams, Inc., Publishers.   New York.[1] The epic of Gilgamesh derives from Mesopotamian culture (Adams 2003) involving a super-human man, two-thirds god and one-third human.   Thus, the theme of the lion with human qualities or humans with super-human qualities likened to animals is not strictly found in Iran.   In the translated stone tablets that exist of the story Gilgamesh is king of Uruk in Babylonia, which is located today in modern Iraq.   The story, historically, takes place approxima tely 2700 B.C. however; the story itself was only orally passed between audiences until being written in cuneiform in 2000 B.C..[2] The bull did not reside in the culture of Iran alone but throughout the Middle East.   As Gilgamesh was given as an example prior, the bull is found in this story as well with Gilgamesh conquering the bull as depicted on the Lyre found in the British museum of London. This Lyre stresses the importance of music in Uruk as well as in Mesopotamia.   The pictorial representations of Gilgamesh on the lyre are very elaborate and innovative.   The image of the bull is greatly utilized in Mesopotamian art and on the Harp or Lyre of Ur at the British Museum the animalistic traits and images is no different.   The significance of the bull on the harp is that Gilgamesh slew the sacred bull at the walls of the Ishtar Temple.   The harp was then reputedly clothes in garments of gold and adorned with horns and thenGilgamesh dedicated it to his father [3] Fr om 200 B.C. but Ptolemy is attributed with making a calendar as early as 150 A.D. [4] from the 10th century. [5] Not only is the Lion-Bull combat well-known and represented in art, but there is also the Lion-Deer combat that also has its settings with the stars, and will discussed later in the thesis.[6] This period is between 508 and 538, and the dish being discussed is thought to have been created by a Persian-speaking craftsman who may have leaved around Iran or in Central Asia in general. [7] The Boston disc being referenced is that found in Khorsabad which is supposedly the shield that had belonged to the Assyrian King Sargon the second. [8] The sun is a symbol of eternal life, as is the lion.   The sun represents fertility since in agrarian culture it made plants grow.   The sun is a duality just as much as the lion is one because while the sun is impressive in its scope of aiding in growth it can also be deadly as in times of draught.