Gay As A Deviant Culture Sociology Essay

Gay As A Deviant Culture Sociology Essay Homosexuality is considered as an emerging issue all over the world. Gay people believe that they are not physically different or incapacitated in any way. They believe that they have every right to be offered the same opportunities, just like everyone else. A while ago this issue could not be spoken out aloud in public. It is unethical and uncouth to think that homosexuality is right. In todays Age much of what cultural values entail has changed over time due exposure to a new understanding, inter relation of beliefs, morals, mind-set, connotations, chain of command, religious conviction, concept of time, responsibilities, perceptions of the universe, and material entity s and possessions acquired. Communities and societies have always had their way of doing things. Most people have at one time or another found that they dont fit in the societies known culturally and social norms (Cook, 28). Occasionally this happens due to ones understanding, mind-set, connotations, chain of command, religious conviction, responsibilities, and in every community and society homosexuality has affected the social ethics. A persons sexuality and preference according to psychologists will normally be easily altered at puberty. Adolescent at times find themselves in a dilemma where they do not actually know to what sex they prefer. Some find themselves in the antagonism of the puberty unpredicted effects like same sex attraction. Somehow when looked at a critical view this kind of preference is not actually a persons fault, it is the stage in life. With this in mind gay people believe that it is actually not their fault that they are the way they are. Most people in the society will not actually put this into consideration due to so many factors and consequences that are associated when this fact is accepted. In turn, the gay people in the community feel that the only way they can be heard out is by coming together and creating one voice. This has been seen over the past years. Gay people have organized rallies, peaceful demonstrations in different places all over the world in order to have their voices heard (Phelan, 25). Years down the line this has become one large community with its own cultural standards, values and rights. In every society, there is the agreeable set of rules and norms that guide the people in day to day living. Eighty three to eighty to five percent of people in every other community will always abide to these norms (Burke, 9), but a small percentage becomes deviant to these norms. It is probably a bit difficult to determine whether a deviant person in the community is always wrong, because what determines whether they are wrong or right is what they are deviant to. Homosexuality is not accepted in so many places around the world (Bamforth, 33), and this has made the gay culture deviant (Stephen, 1). The classical justification of this fact is that a deviant culture will always push the moral boundaries of a society giving alternatives and new options to the status quo and promoting change. Most cultures usually may not always agree on what to do with people who push beyond its acceptable ways in doing things. In fact, norms and accepted social ethics violation that gain enough support may at times become acceptable, a good example being the gay people (Sharon, 1). Thus, the gay culture is deviant because in some places it has made the societies, government constitutions to rethink and redefine the moral boundaries in place. The culture as it is going against so many know defined social ethics rules. Religious and social liberals point out that being gay is against written work of most inspired men like John the Baptist from the Christian bible. Islam does not allow these acts of relationships at all so does the Hindu (Bamforth, 13). It is a bit different for the catholic dominion because today gay marriages have been joined catholic churches. The gay culture deviant as it is faced so many threats about its publicity. Gay people have lost jobs, disowned by families and at other times even their lives have been threatened. It is a definite conviction to the gay culture that there is nothing much more significant than any issues that would make any one guilty and endanger their lives or families just because of their opinion, knowledge and preference about their sexual nature. The gay culture attests that the good of humankind is tied up together by the common pursuit through shared experience toward the likelihood of the same gender relationship (Harry, 43). In the past decades talented artists and poets, musicians openly described their sexuality to the public in their writing, art and songs. The gay community associates itself with the past legends and their exceptional work. They have motivated people who have felt demoralized. Gay people are introverts. And psychologists have backed up the fact that hidden desires of se xuality due to their unaccepted nature feed the possibility of sexual lusts which leads to violations of social ethics, desires to fulfill empty cravings. Gay as a deviant culture suffers from the dominant competitive ethos. This leads to the rise of struggle in interests to gain recognition or control (Harry, 31), and defies the recognition of the accepted social ethical norms and interest which all people have in common. So many factors have led to the rise of this deviant culture. Some of this factors when looked in to, are quite justifiable to those who consider respecting human rights. For instance, a factor that leads to the gay culture becoming so publicized and famous was that some large corporations and organization simply fired and never employed people with this kind of sexual preference i.e. gay. The authorities left no room for gay people. In the United States of America, gay people have come together from so many states and joined hands in so many ways in order to be heard. The 14th amendment to the U.S. Constitution which is a protection clause necessitate states and governments to treat people in an equal manner but the fact that the equal protection clause, in the United States Constitution is not absolute and that a government has gotten the right to treat people differently and discriminate against one group if it sees that as a requirement to the interest of the majority. This fact makes the gay culture even more deviant because if it does not publicize its ways well enough then it is just a period of time and it might be considered wrong (Harry, 11). Living requires that each and everyone makes the right moral choices in order to prevent a culture from dissolving into chaos (Harry, 11). Everyone must have a stand over certain behaviors and attitudes over others. In most communities having a stand that does not violate the accepted norms is quite acceptable. In this context violation means that which goes against. Gay preference will have so many views from different people in a society and because of the huge gap in the point of agreement whether it should be accepted or not it leaves a particularly large room for those directly affected to justify why this topic should be considered acceptable just like any other. Some theories that might try to give more details in this topic have ruled out that sometimes being deviant is not wrong, and sometimes it just happens due to one perspective in regard to what information they are exposed to. When it comes to explaining deviance, there are a couple theories try to explain one of them is Mertons strain theory. He was one of the first sociologists in America and his theory generally assumes that societies give both culturally-valued goals and culturally-valued means (Peter, 21)? Theoretically the gay culture argues that this culturally valued goals and cultural valued means do not at all address issues and matters pertaining to the same gender relationship. These have led to the idea of creating a suitable environment by gay people whereby they will be able to associate with the community without any stigmatization. Gay people share so many things in common, they relate to one another than straight people in an exceedingly significant way. If we consider gay to be a community of people with common social interests and sexual preference and behavior then this becomes a culture. Gay people are considered to be more conservative with refined talent compared to straight people, and while this is just an observation by few psychologists they further explain that because gay people will probably have an associative feminine behavior, they tend to be keener in what they do, like what they dress and the way they talk. A good example would be the comparison of two magnificent artists who have different gender preference i.e. a straight artist and a gay artist; studies have shown that gay artists will want to capture every detail in their work compared to the latter. While this does not suggest that gay people are better than straight people it just gives a stronger base of argument as to why the gay cult ure is deviant. Gay theorists and activists have tried through vigorous efforts, to seek public support community in formal civil rights . The legal status of the gay community largely remains unequal and unprotected. In most governments there are no courts of appeal that look closely into hearing sexual; preference based equal protection claims. High courts have avoided in coming to a decision (Sharon, 1) as to whether this kind of cases should be looked in to in a much closer scrutiny. But due to the deviant nature of this culture it has somehow managed to be heard in some states, and these states have enacted laws prohibiting government and private discrimination on the pedestal of sexual orientation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the fact that gay people are deviant is not entirely wrong because if they do not stand in what they know and believe in, then they will have no place in the society and as earlier mentioned, gay people are people that are not physically incapacitated due to their sexual orientation. They cannot be considered as criminals due to the fact that they are gay. Arguably the failure or success of the attempts to achieve legal equality for gays will in a tremendous way depend on how activists in this field address this deviant unprotected gay cultures needs (Peter, 55). Gay as a deviant culture is an issue that is being addressed to day all over the world today. Religion and denominations are against gay practices. Activists and scholars will have to address churches and different denominations if at all they want to be heard. Every society and community must accept that we are all equal. Discrimination is immoral and no one should be subjected to it. If s society wants to have a healthy and peaceful living, it must accept everybody regardless of their sexual orientation. It this does not happen, gay people will continue to be deviant. Gay people are said to be deviant but there is nothing wrong in that (Peter, 17). On the other hand gay people should be patient with the society every time they come out publicly to push for their rights; they should not have an ego. The gay culture has been observed to stick together because this allows them to be heard as one voice (Peter, 22). The ruling of this issue of gay as a deviant culture will entirely fall on a host of ideological, political and legal variables and at some time when the request has been fully addressed by law, the society and religion than gay culture will probably change from being deviant to a positive mindset accepted community. Scholarly Articles cited Anderson, Rob. THE WEEKLY STANDARDS ABSURD CASE AGAINST GAY MARRIAGE. The New Republic, (2005). Print Harris, Daniel. The Rise and Fall of Gay Culture. New York: Hyperion, 1997. Print. McCreery, Patrick. Out Front: Lesbians, Gays, and the Struggle for Workplace Rights Beyond Gay: deviant Sex and the Politics of the Enda Workplace. Social Text. 17.4 (1999): 39. Print. Cook, Matt. London and the Culture of Homosexuality, 1885-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Print. Phelan, Jo. Geneticization of Deviant Behavior and Consequences for Stigma: the Case of Mental Illness17. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 46.4 (2005): 307-322. Print. Bamforth, Nicholas. Sexuality, Morals and Justice: A Theory of Lesbian and Gay Rights Law. London: Cassell, 1997. Internet resource. Peter, Marshall B, and Robert F. Meier. Sociology of Deviant Behavior. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. Peter . Nardi, Beth E. Schneider. Social perspectives in lesbian and gay studies: a reader. 1998. print Shah, Bijal, GAY AMERICAN DEVIANCE: Using International Comparative Analysis to Argue for a Free Speech and Establishment Clause Approach to Furthering Gay Marriage in the United States. (2007). Student Scholarship Papers. Paper 52. http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/student_papers/52 Sharon Hughes. The gay culture. March 9 2004 Web. 10 Nov. 2013 http://www.renewamerica.com/columns/hughes/040309 Joe Kort, Ph.D. Making Gay and Lesbian Relationships and Marriage Simple through Ten Truths 04/09/2013. Web. 10 Nov. 2013 Stephen Milioti. Why I Reject Popular Gay Culture (Or: What to Know Before Setting Me Up With Your Other Gay Friend) 4/8/2002. Web. 10 Nov. 2013 http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cjas/may_reject.html

The Painter :: essays research papers

Suddenly, he woke up. He sensed that the train had stopped. â€Å"Am I in Beijing?† John Gwen thought. He looked around and saw Tianjing signs on the pillars in the train station. â€Å"Looks like this is it. Well I better hop off and glance around. After he hopped off, he saw two security guards hurrying toward him. Uh-oh. Two strong security guards rushed to him and grabbed him. The other one took his painting. They sent him to the office to confront their chief. The chief was sitting down behind a large desk and looked like a kind looking man that was toughened by the world. He had eyes that can look right through you. â€Å"Chief, we caught this thief trying to sneak off the cargo train that just arrived. This is what he stole.† Said one of the guards as he handed the painting over to the chief. â€Å"I suggest putting him in jail for fifteen days and see if he tries to steal again.† Said the other guard. â€Å"Oh no,† John thought, â€Å"if they put me in jail for fifteen days. I’ll miss the art convention. I must prove my innocence.† â€Å"No, no, I swear, I didn’t steal it! That’s my—â€Å" â€Å"Shut up!† the first guard ordered. The chief had been silent since the suspect had been brought in. The man looks like a high school student. He is shivering and looks very nervous. â€Å"Is he shivering because he is afraid of getting caught? Or is he freezing?† he thought. â€Å"Okay, what’s your name? â€Å"J†¦J†¦John Gwen.† He muttered, â€Å"c†¦can I have hot water?† â€Å"Sure.† And he poured some hot water for him pretending not to hear the grunt from one of the guards. Then he waited as John slowly drank the water. â€Å"Well,† John thought, â€Å"if I can’t prove that the painting is mine, I could get to the convention on time but I will also have to pay for sneaking on the train. However, I could pretend to go to the bathroom and escape but I won’t be able to take my painting with me. Also, how will I get to Beijing then?† â€Å"Okay, what are you doing here?† the chief asked. â€Å"I was going to go to Beijing but at Shenyang, I fell asleep when I was waiting for the train and somebody stole my tickets and all my money so I snuck on a cargo train and I thought it was going to Beijing but when I woke up I was in Tianjing and then two guards rushed over and—â€Å"

Women’s Plight in Katherine Mansfield’s Life Of Ma Parker :: Life Of Ma Parker Essays

Katherine Mansfield’s "Life of Ma Parker" presents the plight of Ma Parker as a working-class woman at the turn of the century, in terms of her position in the sphere of the family and in the sphere of society. "Life of Ma Parker" is a story of a widowed charwoman. Like Miss Brill, Ma Parker is a very lonely woman, but their equally painful story is told quite differently, mainly because Mansfield supplies no background to account why Miss Brill’s Sunday passes as it does. As the title of the story denotes, we receive the story of Ma Parker’s life, which explains her current situation. "As servant, wife, and mother, she’s the generic British working-class female at the turn of the century – cowed by drudgery and burdened by loss. Her husband, a baker, died of ‘white lung’ disease, and those children who survived the high rate of infant mortality fell victim to other ills of the late-Victorian underclass: emigration, prostitution, poor h ealth, worse luck" (Lohafer 475). At the present point in the story, Ma Parker arrives to work in the house of the literary gentleman after she buried the previous day her loving grandson, Lennie, who was the only ray of light in her dreary life. According to Irigaray, "all the systems of exchange that organize patriarchal societies and all the modalities of productive work that are recognized, values, and rewarded in these societies are men’s business†¦.[t]he work force is this always assumed to be masculine, and ‘products’ are objects to be used, objects of transaction among men alone" (171). Ma Parker has to play the role of an object circulated among masculine employers as she has to support her children and herself. Ma begins working as early as the age of sixteen as a "kitching-maid" (143). Later on, "[w]hen that family was sold up she went as ‘help’ to a doctor’s house, and after two years there, on the run from morning till light, she married her husband" (144). Ma is an object of transaction among men, as she transfers from one male employee to another, until she is married. Now then, Ma was working for the literary man, as people advised him to "get a hag in once a week to clean up" (142, my italics). The literary man, insensitive to his surroundings and lonely as Ma Parker at the same time, dirties everything around him and leaves it all looking like "a gigantic dustbin" (142), but Ma "pitied the poor young gentleman for having no one to look after him" (142).

Netflix Case Study Analysis Essay

â€Å"Creativity is thinking up new things. Innovation is doing new things.† — Theodore Levitt The importance of this quote comes alive after reading the first three sentences within this case study. A statement by Reed Hastings, the founder and CEO of Netflix. â€Å"Well let’s separate the market into two phases. One is the phase of DVD, which peaks in five to 10 years and last for 20 to 30 years. Then there is the phase of Internet delivery, which peaks 20 or 30 years from now and lasts for 100 years† (Cengage). From the time Hastings founded Netflix in 1997, with his initial online DVD rental business idea, there has been many factors altering the business strategy of the company within it’s internal and external environment that has allowed Netflix to grow to where it is today. Netflix took of quickly and had already achieved economies of scale in as early as 2000, which coincidently was the same year they shifted their goal from DVD rentals to streaming video. From then, Hastings knew that within time DVD’s would be a thing of the past, and online instant streaming was a thing of the future. He has been creative enough to be able to gain sustainable competitive advantage with other competitors, but more importantly he has been innovative enough to stay competitive with our society’s rapidly changing expectations for technology, which is a large barrier to this industry. Society’s rising demand for instant Internet streaming is causing their demand for DVDâ€⠄¢s to decrease. Therefore, it seems as though DVD rentals are starting to fall from its peak and in return instant Internet streaming is starting to climb to the very beginning of its peak. Throughout this report the focus will stay on Netflix’s external environment, internal environment, current strategy, and future recommendations that keep Netflix â€Å"an e-commerce success story in an ever-changing business landscape† thanks to their early start in the subscription DVD rental industry, strong distribution capabilities, and loyal customers (Cengage). When first examining a company’s Strategic Management Process it is important to evaluate their mission statement in order to recognize who they believe they are as a company as well as their vision on how they want to continue to go forward in the future. Netflix is unique for they do not have an official published mission statement, but  Hastings expressed a clear vision for the future of Netflix at a conference in 2011. The se points include: â€Å"becoming the best global entertainment distribution service, licensing entertainment content around the world, creating markets that are accessible to film makers, and helping content creators around the world to find a global audience†. After establishing a good understanding of the company’s mission statement the PESTEL (political, environment, social, technological, economical, legal) model is a general guideline that helps to analyze the general environment of the industry. Political forces seem to be low except for the most recent issue of higher postage prices, which would drastically decrease the DVD rental revenue. Environmental influences on the industry are always present, but they have very little influence on this industry. Social factors are extremely high and compliment the Technological factors which are also very high in this industry. When Netflix first started, they were more focused on DVD rentals and conquered their strategy of providing convenient DVD shipping with more distribution centers and an efficient supply chain, which in return took over many brick and mortar DVD rental stores. However, with the rise of technology and the social pressures of having the latest forms of electronic d evices there is an entirely new landscape of Wi-Fi ready entertainment devices that aids in Netflix’s other market, instant Internet streaming. Economic factors are very high, but this industry seems to tackle them with efficiency and ease. Even during the drastic recession in 2009, Netflix’s revenue increased to $305.7 million because of increased customer awareness and other benefits they provide. Lastly, Legal factors are low, for the biggest legal barrier for Netflix is gaining the rights from movie studios to get the first-run content as soon as possible. Once the external environment is generalized a series of opportunities and threats are established. â€Å"The key for any player in this marketplace is to win the digital fight† and the key factors in order to do this consist of: being first to market, having the best content, and scaling benefits (Cengage). However, there are technological threats that come with developing these key factors like illegal downloads and Internet hackers. Therefore, Netflix had to stay cautious by carefully watching for signs of hackers. On the other hand, demographic trends of increasing population and expansion into foreign customers like China and India provoke certain opportunities that give  Netflix the ability to create a competitive advantage. With that being said, there are five forces of competition within any industry that determine both competition and profitability. These forces are intertwined with each other and consist of: Rivalry among Competitors, Power of Buyers, Power of Suppliers, Threat of New Entrants, and Threat of Substitutable Products. The Power of Suppliers contains two different groups. Movie studio suppliers are associated with the DVD rental aspect of Netflix’s services and TV stations are associated with the Internet streaming aspect. The Power of Suppliers is fairly low for the DVD rental side of the industry because the suppliers rely mostly on companies such as Netflix to purchase their DVDs even though soon DVDs will be a thing of the past. However, Netflix is able to create deals with the movie studios to buy the DVDs in bulk and therefore achieving economies of scale. This then sets a high barrier for new entrants into this aspect of the industry. However, the suppliers are still able to maintain some power by setting the 28-day policy prohibiting the release of their titles to the public. The suppliers have the most power on the Internet streaming side, which lead to competitive disadvantages. At the moment Netflix, still considers a large chunk of their revenue from DVD rentals therefore supplie rs will continue to be reluctant in allowing instant streaming rights without increasing licensing fees. In this situation, the industry is more dependent on the suppliers because they have to fulfill their customer’s demands. Along with this comes the power of the buyers, which is the most constant force in the industry. Customers are in high demand for video distribution services. However, they are not loyal to the providers, they are only loyal to the content. Therefore customers tend to have a very high degree of power in this industry that is supported with the price sensitive industry and low (if any) switching costs. According to the case â€Å"Netflix may be hard pressed to convince consumers to view content from its service as opposed to one of the other many new choices available now and expected to appear† (Cengage). As for the Substitutional Products force within the industry, Netflix does not have a substantial threat to other forms of visual entertainment. However, there is a significant lack of brand loyalty and the biggest substitution threat is seen when considering alternate content providers that offer similar services of quality and cost. Therefore, Rivalry is high within the industry and since Netflix is a  middleman distributor they have to stay competitive and innovative. In order to maintain their advantage they must ensure high streaming quality and easy accessibility along with a fair price. Cost is typically the number one aspect in which industries compete on. Since Netflix consists of two sides to their services they are able to distribute their revenue and use it to achieve economies of scale making the threat of new entrants on the DVD rental side very small since the barriers are so high. Their efficient multitude of growing distribution centers also provide added barriers as well. However, on the other side the threat of new entrants to Internet streaming is very high with very low barriers considering the widely accepted Wi-Fi capable devices with potential streaming updates. It is stated that with disregard to many opposing factors â€Å"The company is clearly focused on streaming, but executives hav e long maintained that DVDs, while declining, are going to be a part of its business for years to come† (GIGAOM). Considering all of these forces, the largest problem that Netflix faces today is being a victim of their suppliers while demand for instant streaming is increasing rapidly and demand for DVD rentals is slowly but surely decreasing. This scenario leads the Power of Suppliers to increase, therefore taking a toll on Netflix’s profit. However, since Netflix was able to develop a stable early advantage with their reputation after dominating the DVD rental side they now must figure out how to keep the sustainable competitive advantage on the instant Internet streaming side as well and make up for their diminishing DVD rental revenues. Next, it is crucial to evaluating the Internal Environment of the Industry while analyzing its resources, capabilities, and distinctive competencies in order to see if the industry creates value. Resources such as Financial, Physical, Human Resources, Innovation, Reputational, and Culture all played a role in Netflix and the Industry in general. Netflix was able to be creative and innovative enough to adapt to the changing market thanks to Hastings managerial capabilities and ideas. Therefore, many of their resources proceeded to capabilities and further to core competencies, the primary resource being innovation. Innovation altered the entire supply chain’s primary activities in order to stay effectively and efficiently competitive, which eventually demolished blockbuster, gave Netflix an upper hand over Redbox, and more recently and finally surpassed HBO’s number of subscribers. Netflix’s strong perseverance to innovate grew with the instant Internet streaming demand by making their services applicable with up and coming Wi-Fi devices that could essentially bring the movie theater directly to your house. Their business strategy quickly developed to be a low cost streaming service. However, this strategy is getting harder for them to achieve under the same guidelines since their DVD rental revenues are dwindling. In order to stay innovative Netflix has taken into consideration their heavy reliance on the industry’s suppliers and decided to provide its own original content that they would not have to depend on any for except themselves. Netflix has developed its own original series, House of Cards, which was a risk at the time and turned into a creative competitive advantage. Other recommendations would be to give the customers what they want by providing the customers with even more listings under their subscriptions. Netflix’s VP of innovation, Todd Yelling sated that â€Å"if you’re not testing things that fail, you’re not testing aggressively enough† (Yellin). This shows that Netflix does not always play it safe and has hence provoked more current innovation strategies. Netflix must stay innovative in order to keep their competitive edge because at this rate â€Å"Internet TV with replace Linear TV† (The Verge). Because of Hastings leadership, the company’s creative and innovative capabilities have provided maximum benefit in the industry while creating a key core competency which will remain over the years to come. Works Cited Farfan, Barbra. â€Å"NetFlix Movie Rentals Mission Statement – A Vision, A Promise and Nine Values.† About.com Retail Industry. N.p., 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. . Roettgers, Janko. â€Å"The Slow but Inevitable Decline of Netflix’s DVD Business — Tech News and Analysis.† GigaOM. N.p., 21 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. . Toor, Amar. â€Å"Netflix Has Likely Overtaken HBO in Paid US Subscribers, Analysts Say.† The Verge. N.p., 21 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. . Welch, Chris. â€Å"Netflix Innovation VP Says Bonus Content and Extras May Come to Original Shows.† The Verge. N.p., 17 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2013.

Literary genres

1. The body of written works of a language, period, or culture. 2. Imaginative or creative writing, especially of recognized artistic value:†Literature must be an analysis of experience and a synthesis of the findings into a unity† (Rebecca West). 3. The art or occupation of a literary writer. 4. The body of written work produced by scholars or researchers in a given field:medical literature. 5. Printed material: collected all the available literature on the subject. 6. Music All the compositions of a certain kind or for a specific instrument or ensemble: the symphonic literature. 1.written material such as poetry, novels, essays, etc. , esp works of imagination characterized by excellence of style and expression and by themes of general or enduring interest 2. the body of written work of a particular culture or people Scandinavian literature 3. written or printed matter of a particular type or on a particular subject scientific literature the literature of the violin 4. printed material giving a particular type of information sales literature 5. the art or profession of a writer 6. Obsolete learning 1. writing in prose or verse regarded as having permanent worth through its intrinsic excellence.2. the entire body of writings of a specific language, period, people, etc. 3. the writings dealing with a particular subject. 4. the profession of a writer or author. 5. literary work or production. 6. any kind of printed material, as circulars, leaflets, or handbills. 7. Archaic. literary culture; appreciation of letters and books. | literature – the humanistic study of a body of literature; â€Å"he took a course in Russian lit. literary study – the humanistic study of literatureliterature – creative writing of recognized artistic value| || literature – published writings in a particular style on a particular subject; â€Å"the technical literature†; â€Å"one aspect of Waterloo has not yet been treated in the literatu re†piece of writing, written material, writing – the work of a writer; anything expressed in letters of the alphabet (especially when considered from the point of view of style and effect); â€Å"the writing in her novels is excellent†; â€Å"that editorial was a fine piece of writing†literature – creative writing of recognized artistic valuehistoriography – a body of historical literature| | | literature – the profession or art of a writer; â€Å"her place in literature is secure†profession – an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)literature – creative writing of recognized artistic valueTypes of Literature: Fictional Literature Drama: Drama is the theatrical dialog performed on stage, it consists of 5 acts. Tragedy, comedy and melodrama are the sub types of drama. e. g William Shakespeare, an Elizabethan dramatist composed the plays Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King Lea r that are famous because of its combination of tragedy and comedy. Problem play, farce, fantasy, monologue and comedy of manners are some kinds of drama.Tragedy: It is a story of the major character who faces bad luck. Tragedy, elements of horrors and struggle usually concludes with the death of a person. The Illiad and The Odyssey by Homer are the two famous Greek tragedies. Comedy: The lead character overcomes the conflicts and overall look of the comedy is full of laughter and the issues are handled very lightly. The elements used in the comedy are romanticism, exaggeration, surprises and a comic view of life. Melodrama: Melodrama is a blend of two nouns – ‘melody' and ‘drama'. It is a musical play most popular by 1840. Uncle Tom's Cabin is one of the most popular plays describing cruelty of labor life.It has happy ending like comedy. Tragicomedy: The play that begins with serious mode but has a happy ending is tragicomedy. Prose Literature History, journalism , philosophy, fiction and fantasy writings, scientific writings, children's literature authors and writers are included in Prose Literature. Myth Myths are the fairy tales with lots of adventure, magic and it lacks scientific proof. Nursery rhymes, songs and lullabies are forms of myths that strike the interest of children. Creative and nature myth are stories of the stars and moon. Magic tales are wonderful tales of quests and fantasy. Hero myths are ideal heroes of adventure. Short storyThe small commercial fiction, true or imaginary, smaller than a novel is known as short story. Short stories are well-grouped that followed the sequence of easy and no complexity in beginning, concrete theme, some dialogs and ends with resolution. They are oral and short-lived which have gossip, joke, fable, myth, parable, hearsay and legend. Novel Novel can be based on comic, crime, detective, adventurous, romantic or political story divided into many parts. The major kinds of novels are: Allegory : The symbolic story revolves around two meanings. What the writer says directly is totally different from the conveyed meanings at the end. Political and Historical allegory are two forms of Allegory.Comedy: Satire is very common form in comedy novels and tries to focus on the facts of the society and their desires. Epistolary: The collection of letters or mails is the epistolary novels. Samuel Richardson's Pamela and Henry Fielding's Joseph Andrew are the few examples of Epistolary novels. Feminist: These types of novels are written by women writers around the world to describe the place of women in a male dominated society. E. g Virginia Woolf's â€Å"A Room of one's Own†. Gothic: Gothic fiction is the combination of both horror and romance. Melodrama and parody were grouped in the Gothic literature in its early stages. Ironic: Ironic novels are known for excessive use of narrative technique.It is satire on the contemporary society about cultural, social and political issu es. Realism: The realistic novels are based on the truths of ordinary society and their problems. It focuses on the plot, structure and the characters of the novel. Romance: Love and relationship topics are handled optimistically in the romantic novels. It originated in western countries; basically the story revolves around love affairs of main characters. Some popular sub categories of romantic novels are paranormal, erotic, suspense, multicultural and inspirational romance. Narration: In narrative style, writer becomes the third person who narrates whole story around the characters.Naturalism: Naturalism is based on the theory of Darwin. Picaresque: It is opposite to romance novels as it involves ideals, themes and principles that refuse the so-called prejudices of the society. Psychological: It's the psychological prospective of mind with a resolution. Satire: Satirical novels criticize the contemporary society. The most famous novels are Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726 ), Kingsley Amis's Lucky Jim (1954), George Orwell's Animal Farm and Randell Jarrell's Pictures from an Institution (1954). Stream of Consciousness: James Joyce's stream of consciousness is all about the thought coming up in the minds of the readers.A novel also constitutes categories on social and political aspects like proletarian, psychological, protest novel, government, didactic, materialist novel, allegorical novel, novel of engagement, naturalistic novel, Marxist novel, radical novel, revolutionary novel, anti-war novel, utopian novel, futuristic novel, anarchist novel, problem novel, social philosophy novel, novel of ideas, problem play and speculative novel. Folk Tale Folk Tales are traditional stories that have been creating interest since ancient times. The children and old persons like religious story, magic and superstition as well. Fable, tall tales, cumulative, trickster and proverbs are the sub categories of folk tales. Mythology or legend is the ancient religious st ories of origin and human civilization such as story of Robin Hood. Types of poetryPoetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in the tranquility. Greek poetry is found in free verse and we have rhymes in the Persian poem. Are you wondering how to write a poem, here are the followings forms of poem? Sonnet: Sonnet is the short poem of 14 lines grouped into Shakespearean and Italian sonnets. Ballad: The poems that are on the subject matter of love and sung by the poet or group of singers as telling readers a story. Elegy: This type of poem is the lamenting of the death of a person or his near one. Elegy Written in Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray is one of the famous poems marked as sad poems of the ages. Ode: Ode is the formal and long poem serious in nature.Allegory: Allegory is the famous form of poetry and is loved by the readers because of its two symbolic meanings. One is the literal meaning and another is the deep meaning. Epic and Mock epic: Epics are the narrative poems that convey moral and culture of that period. The Odyssey and Iliad are one of the largest philosophical epics written by Samuel Butler. Rape of the Lock is the great mock epic focusing on the minor incident of cutting of a curl. Lyric: It has Greek origin that gives a melody of imagery. It is the direct appeal of a poet to the readers about any incident or historical events. Lyrics are most of the time similar to ode or sonnets in the form. Nonfiction Literature:Nonfiction Literature is opposite to fiction as it is informative and comprises the interesting facts with analysis and illustrations. Main types of Non- fiction literature Autobiography and Biography An autobiography is the story of the author's own life. ‘Family Life at the White House' by Bill Clinton is focused on his life and achievements. ‘Wings of fire' by Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Mein kampf of Adolph Hitler are the autobiography books on real life. Essay Generally the authors' point of view about any particular topic in a detailed way is an essay. Essay has simple way of narrating the main subject; therefore they are descriptive, lengthy, subject oriented and comparative.Different types of essay: Personal essay, expository essay type, response essay, process essay, persuasive essay, argumentative essay, critical essay type, interview essay, reflective essay type, evaluation, observation essay, comparison type of essay, application essay, compare and contrast essay and narrative essay type. Literary criticism It is the critical study of a piece of literature. Here critics apply different theories, evaluation, discussion and explanation to the text or an essay to give total judgments. Plato, Aristotle, T. S. Eliot, Saussure and Frye are some of the famous critics. Travel literature It is the narration of any tour or foreign journey with the description of the events, dates, places, sights and author's views.Francis Bacon's natural philosophies in the middle of S eventeenth century is one famous example of travel literature. Diary Diaries are the incidents recorded by the author without any means of publishing them. It is the rough work of one's daily routine, happenings, memorable days or events in their life. E. g. Anne Frank's ‘Diary of a Young Girl' was published by her father in 1940s; it's a story of a girl trapped during German invade Amsterdam. Diaries consists of business letters, newsletters, weather listing. In today's world of Internet, writers write in blogs, forums, polls and social networking sites to convey their thoughts. This also is a form of diary writing.Some profound forms of diaries are online diary, travel, sleep, tagebuch, fictional, dream and death diaries. Journal Journal is one of types of diaries that records infinite information. They are of following types: Personal: It is for personal analysis. In this journal one can write his goal, daily thoughts, events and situations. Academic: It is for students who do research or dissertation on particular subjects. Creative journals: Creative journals are the imaginative writing of a story, poem or narrative. Trade: Trade journals are used by industrial purposes where they dictate practical information. Dialectical: This journal is use by students to write on double column notebook.They can write facts, experiments, and observation on the left side and right side can be a series of thoughts and response with an end. Newspaper It is a collection of daily or weekly news of politics, sports, leisure, fashion, movies and business. Magazine Magazines can be the current affairs or opinions well collected covering various content. Frame Narrative The psychoanalysis of human mind is present in a frame narrative. Here we find another story within the main story. Some of the popular narratives are Pegasus, Wuthering Heights, The Flying Horse, The Three Pigs, A Time to keep and the Tasha Tudor Book of Holidays. Outdoor literature Outdoor literature is the literature of adventure that gives whole exploration of an event.Exciting moments of life such as horse riding, fishing, trekking can be a part of literature. Some outdoor books are ‘The Adventures of Tom Sawyer' by Mark Twain, ‘Treasure Island' by Robert Louis, ‘Voyages' by Richard Hakluyt and ‘A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush' by Eric Newby. Narrative form of Literature Today we find movies, audio and video CD's and Cassettes that present current literature in use. Digital poetry is an upcoming trend too. Comic books, cartoons, eBook and Internet games are the learning methods for children. Literature includes centuries, human nature, cultures and souls. Isn't it? Read more at Buzzle: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/types-of-literature. html|

How does Steinbeck make Lennie a sympathetic character? Essay

In the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’, John Steinbeck deliberately creates and describes the character of Lennie and the events that surround him in the aim of evoking the reader’s sympathy towards him. It is obvious from the beginning of the novel that Lennie is in some way mentally disabled, and has the mind and actions of a child, the first time that a character mentions this is Slim, who remarks that Lennie is ‘Jes like a kid’, Curley’s wife also point out that he is ‘jus’ like a big baby’. It is obvious to the reader of Lennie’s mental ability by the way he speaks, as he has a definite speech impediment. By having Lennie be described as like a child and by his actions being like a child, it effectively creates sympathy for the character from the readers. This is because it is always easy for a reader to feel sympathetic towards a person with mental difficulties as you can understand how challenging it must be in their situation. The events which occur around Lennie are a main factor in creating sympathy for him. The first incident when the reader feels extremely sympathetic towards Lennie is when he is petting a dead mouse and George takes it off him, at which point Lennie starts to cry ‘He heard Lennie’s whimpering cry and wheeled about. â€Å"Blubberin’ like a baby? Jesus Christ! A big guy like you’. This highlights Lennie’s immaturity and his childlike characteristics, it is like a young child being scolded and having something taken off them and then starting to cry, this is how Lennie reacts to this situation. Often in the book George will say to Lennie ‘Good Boy’, this further shows the childlike character Lennie is, as it has George talking down to Lennie and comforting him, the way a child needs comforting. Early on in the book, Lennie’s pathetic yet amusing attempts at proving to George that he could survive living on his own shows what a sadly hopeless character he is, ‘if you don’t want me, you only jus’ got to say so, and I’ll go off in those hills right there – and live by myself’. We know for a fact that Lennie would be completely incapable of surviving on his own let alone surviving in the mountains, the effect this exchange has on the reader one again points to Lennie’s hopelessness and adds to the sympathy you feel towards him. Further on, Lennie is mistakenly taken to be laughing at Curley and Curley begins to punch him to which Lennie only reacts when ordered to by George. Lennie does not realise his own strength and crushes Curley’s hand, which was an unintentional way of getting him to stop. After this incident Lennie is described as ‘crouched fearfully against the wall’ and he cries how he ‘didn’t wanta hurt him’. Just after he has broken Curley’s hand you would not feel any sympathy towards Lennie, it is not until he shows his regret and remorse about the incident that it shows his timid and childlike side again. No sympathy is felt towards Curley during this, because of the dislike built up against his character by this point even though he is the one seriously injured, all the sympathy is felt towards Lennie by the characters and the readers alike. After the encounter and being comforted by George, Lennie exclaims ‘I can still tend the rabbits, George?’ it shows how easily satisfied Lennie is and also how easy it is for him to forget major occurrences and get over them. When Lennie is given one of Slim’s pups it is a dream come true for him, George describes how ‘it was a hell of a lot to him. Jesus Christ, I don’t know how we’re gonna get him to sleep in here’. This shows Lennie’s low mentality and how such a small thing can bring so much pleasure to him, the reader feels a certain sympathy for Lennie at this point for his childlike mentality. Towards the end of the book, Lennie accidentally kills the puppy which was given to him, by stroking it too hard. Initially he reacts to this by getting upset and crying ‘why do you got to get killed?’ this highlights his lack of knowledge and understanding with the concept of death, the reader feels sympathy towards the sorry state he is. However, Lennie then begins to get frustrated and angry about it and hurls the puppy away, he worries that by what he has done George will not let him ‘tend the rabbits’. At this point the sympathy towards Lennie stops, as this part shows his aggressive and selfish side as he is worrying for himself. The situation soon becomes much more serious however, when Lennie goes on to accidentally kill Curley’s wife by breaking her neck whilst stroking her hair. This time Lennie realises more the serious implications of his actions and leaves the ranch to hide in the place where he was instructed to by George. In my opinion, by this point sympathy towards Lennie has all but stopped, even though he killed Curley’s wife by accident he did it by viciously holding his hand over her mouth to stop her screaming, as he felt that him being able to ‘tend the rabbits’ would be jeopardised. This is Lennie once again looking out for himself. The sympathy felt towards Lennie is however regained, by the end of the book. Lennie is deeply remorseful about his actions and understand the burden he must be for George ‘I won’t be no more trouble to George’, and how what he does affects everyone else. In this final part Lennie is more childlike than ever, he cries and worries and calls for George like a child for its parent. George finally shoots Lennie and kills him, believing it is the best for Lennie and everyone else, a sort of mercy killing. However, you do not feel deep sympathy towards Lennie at this point as in a way he is free now of his mental burden, in my opinion I am glad that this was what happened to Lennie as his shackles have been cut loose and he nor anyone else has to suffer.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Management - Essay Example This dimension of the so-called â€Å"classical†, or â€Å"technical-rational†, definition of management has remained relatively unchanged since the 1970s, when authors like David Knights, John Roberts, and Studs Terkel wrote about the working world and the conduct of managers within it. A technical-rational concept of a manager helps us, from an academic standpoint, comprehend the function and role of a manager within an organization. However, for a more in-depth understanding of what it means to manage people within the context of a work setting, one must actually go beyond simply learning the definitions and the principles to applying them in the real world. The application of one’s knowledge to a more realistic concept of management is an essential process to leads to a clearer picture of what is going on within the 21st century work environment. First, the classical definition of management includes a â€Å"planning† role, which refers to the predeter mining a course of action for accomplishing organizational objectives (Watson, T. 2006). Planning is an activity that top-level managers perform to a larger degree than first-level managers; however, the need for planning, even at the most basic levels of an organization, is palpable, especially when crises arise that could have been prevented with low- or first-level planning. In addition, the planning role requires decision-making; that is, until a decision has been made or a plan has been set in place, the planning role of the manager is unfulfilled. Planning requires action above all. Second, the classical definition of management contains an â€Å"organizing† element, which means managers are in charge of arranging the relationships among work units for accomplishment of objectives and the granting of responsibility and authority to objective those objectives (Watson, T. 2006). An important consideration with respect to this organizing role is that a manager must not und erstand his power to be â€Å"power over people†; rather, one must understand that power to be â€Å"power between people† (Knights, D. & Roberts, J. 1982). By recognizing one’s dependence on staff, a manager can avoid the use of coercive force over others and an organization can reach its full potential. Similarly, the point of organizing is to utilize all of the resources available within an organization toward achieving a final goal. Thus, part of organizing the elements and relationships between them in an organization are an intentional, goal-directed process. Once every person knows his or her function within the whole and understands that role to be intentionally crafted, the manager has succeeded in filling the organizing role of management (Watson, T. 2006). Thirdly, successful managers fill a â€Å"leading† role. A â€Å"leading† role is creating an atmosphere that will assist and motivate people to achieve desired end results (Watson, T. 2006). Overall, this function relies heavily on an understanding of psychology and a mastering of the performance-environment. Top-level managers, who primarily focus on controlling and organizing, do very little leading; however, first-level supervisors, who lead on a daily basis in the presence of others, rely very heavily on this role. By taking a proactive approach to satisfy the motivations and desires of individuals, managers can avoid the most common source of organizational problems: people’s desires, attitudes, and behaviours. So long as a manager can inspire individuals to follow him, using