The Body Shop International Case Study Essay Example For Students

The Body Shop International Case Study Essay The Body Shop International ( Body Shop ) is a transnational company which is chiefly bring forthing ecological tegument and hair products.The company offers over 1200 of course produced healthy and beauty merchandises by and large target at adult female. The merchandises focal point is shampoos, conditioners, bath merchandises, soaps and skin picks but besides includes aroma, watering place merchandises, and beauty-related accoutrements. Their merchandises are entirely based on natural ingredients and manufactured harmonizing to an ethical codification which is opposed to animal proving. The cosmetics franchise is considered to be one of the biggest around the Earth with a good established repute in 54 states. L’Oreal, the dominant company in the beauty industry, acquired Body store in 2006. Although Body Shop has become a subordinate of L’Oreal S.A it still acts harmonizing to its ain policy, values and ethical codification. The acquisition has solved Body Shop ‘s fiscal jobs and has provided the agencies for enlargement to a bigger market portion. We will write a custom essay on The Body Shop International Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The updations since the instance survey was written can be summarised as: In 2002 Anita Ruddick launched her ain web site â€Å" www.AnitaRoddick.com † in 2001 and an activism portal â€Å" www.TakeItPersonally.org † in 2004. At that clip figure of stores were were1500 Body store but nowit exceeded over 2500. During 2003 The Body Shop launched a planetary run to raise consciousness and financess to assist those affected by domestic force. The Stop Violence in the Home run physiques on about a decennary of runing on the issue in a figure of markets, including Canada, the USA, and West Malaysia. The run aims to foreground the issue, raise money to back up the work of groups. . In 2007 The Body Shop articulation forces with MTV in a new trade name partnership to raise financess and consciousness about HIV and AIDS amongst immature people, through the Spray to Change run. The money raised goes to the Staying Alive Foundation, a charity who fund with grass roots organisation s raising consciousness and educating immature and at-risk groups about HIV and AIDS. Undertaking 2 A brief reappraisal and treatment on company ‘s cardinal acheivements and important alterations over the last few old ages and how the company has adopted to emerging subjects like corporate societal duty, ethical selling, globalization, etc. 800 words Significant Changes: The first The Body Shop shop was opened by Anita Rodrick on 26th March 1976 in Brighton, on the south seashore of England. It was declared a public company in 1985 and shortly after that it created an Environmental Projects Department of its ain. The first Community Trade merchandise of The Body Shop was a Footsie Roller which was produced in 1986 by a provider in southern India. In 2006, as portion of the on-going Stop Violence in the Home and for carry oning the survey on domestic force against kids, The Body Shop created a partnership with UNICEF and the United Nations Secretary-General ‘s Study on Violence against Children. The Body Shop becomes portion of the L’Oreal Group and de-listed from the London Stock Exchange on July 12 2006. It operates independently within the L’Oreal Group and was led by the current direction squad of The Body Shop. Outline1 Cardinal acheivements2 Corporate A ; Social duty3 . Ethical Selling4 Globalization5 The Body Shop6 In shop7 Behind the scene8 At place9 Marketing Department including selling staff10 Production Department11 Strategic12 Department13 Techno Department14 Product / Graphic design section15 Warehouse Department16 Distribution Department17 Management Manners at Body Shop Cardinal acheivements The organic structure store was the first international cosmetics company to subscribe up to the Humane Cosmetics Standard, supported by taking international carnal protection groups. The Body Shop Values Reports are recognized ( 1995 A ; 1997 ) as trailblazing by United Nations Environmental Program and Sustainability, and ranked highest in their reappraisal of International Corporate Environmental Reports. The Body Shop is the first planetary retail merchant to fall in the Board of the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil, working with NGOs and plantations to protect tropical rain forests and better the human rights of workers and autochthonal people. The Body Shop is the victor of PETA ‘s Proggy ( advancement ) awards for its on-going committedness to avoid carnal testing. During 2005 The Body Shop was awarded for accomplishing higher criterions of animate being public assistance in the decorative class at the first one-year awards of the Royal Society of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in the UK Corporate A ; Social duty Corporate societal duty ( CSR ) or corporate citizenship entails companies acting in a socially responsible mode, and covering with other concern parties who do the same.It imlpies: An duty, beyond that required by the jurisprudence and economic sciences, for a house to prosecute long term ends that are good for society The go oning committedness by concern to act ethically and lend to economic development while bettering the quality of life of the work force and their households every bit good as that of the local community and society at big About how a company manages its concern procedure to bring forth an overall positive impact on society. The Body Shop is a maker and retail merchant of of course inspired, ethically produced beauty and cosmetics merchandises. Harmonizing to The Body Shop Corporate Social Responsibility website, â€Å" If concern comes with no moral understanding or honest codification of behaviours, so God assist us all. † is The Body Shop ‘s mantra. Let ‘s discourse few illustrations to see how does it is applied at Body Shop. a ) Sustainable Supply Chain Strategy The Body Shop works with its providers to advance socially responsible patterns in its supply concatenation as portion of its supply concatenation scheme. This is portion of its wider Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility. The Body Shop launched Community Trade. It is a targeted supply concatenation scheme to buy natural ingredients and accoutrements from socially or economically marginalized communities around the universe. It gives these manufacturers entree to a market that would otherwise be out of range and provides a just and dependable income, every bit good as a committedness to making a sustainable concern. For illustration, The Body Shop ‘s moisturizing socks produced by a Community Trade Supplier, Craft Aid in Mauritius, provides employment to 160 people, 40 % of which have disablements. B ) Prosecuting the Community through Community-based Undertakings One attack to prosecuting in corporate societal duty is through community-based development undertakings. An illustration The Body Shop ‘s launch of the 2008 Stop Violence in the Home run on the subject of friendly relationship. By supplying practical tools to authorise adult females to supply support to friends in demand, the run aimed to be a beginning of inspiration and support for 1000000s of adult females around the universe. The Stop Violence in the Home run besides raised ?1.9 million by 2008 and reached 56 markets. In each market, all the financess raised were donated to the chosen non-profit charity organisation, to assist fund critical undertakings of bar, support, and protection for adult females and kids. 4 ) Body Shop and Compaigns The run for UK-wide prohibition on carnal testing of decorative merchandises and ingredients started in November 1998, and the largest of all time request ( four million signatures ) being delivered to the European Commission in 1996. Homeless people: The Big issue paper for stateless people began as a The Body Shop Foundation undertaking establishing in 1991. Awareness of HIV and AIDS amongst immature people: In 2007 The Body Shop joined custodies with MTV to raise financess and consciousness about HIV and AIDS amongst immature people. . Ethical Selling As a decorative retail merchant, The Body Shop defied most recognized selling patterns. In an industry where 30 cents on every dollar of gross revenues was typically devoted to advertisement, the company had no selling or advertisement section. They operate harmonizing to standards, which places more accent on human values than on strictly commercial considerations.A Anita Roddick spends most of her clip making the selling activities such as runs and conferences. The Body Shop ne’er advertised in newspapers or magazines because this type of publicity would increase the cost of the merchandise. For The Body Shop, the most effectual and utile manner of advertisement is to utilize its stores and its staff, every bit good as utilizing issues awareness, such as â€Å" Activate Self-Esteem † . Example The Body Shop launched a run utilizing the â€Å" Ruby Doll † – a realistic looking doll to advance existent adult females. They used it in their shops, hosted arguments, funded research, and held conferences all related to self-esteem, all activities that point back to The Body Shop. Anita Roddick said about advertizement â€Å" There ‘s no illustration of anyone making what we ‘re making in America and doing it work † Globalization Globalization represents the increasing integrating of economic sciences, communications and civilization across national boundaries. In today ‘s society, corporations and endeavors are spread outing their concerns in the planetary markets. Globalization is necessary for success and endurance in the worldwide market ; nevertheless, planetary competition is non easy. For BodyShop the chances are in broad array non merely on the portion of embarking into parts with much income and net income to derive but besides an chance to portion and supply quality merchandises to fashion-conscious people with trend to manner lifestyle.Its successful and widely-known corporate civilization, its organizational construction, its directions manners and its well-controled and regulated franchise system efficaciously back up the planetary enlargement of Body Shop, under the decorative elephantine L’Oreal along with its strong trade name name, into more stray, under-deveolped and less developing counbtries in Africa and Asia. Task3 A critical rating of restriction and benefits of turning construct and popularity of ‘free market ‘ to organic structure store. A free market is market without economic intercession and intervention and ordinance by authorities except to implement ownership ( â€Å" belongings rights † ) and contracts. It is the antonym of a, controlled market where the authorities regulates how the agency of production, goods, and services are used, priced, or distributed. all markets within it are unregulated by any parties other than those participants in the market. A market economic system based on supply and demand with small or no authorities control. A wholly free market is an idealised signifier of a market economic system where purchasers and sells are allowed to transact freely ( i.e. buy/sell/trade ) based on a common understanding on monetary value without province intercession in the signifier of revenue enhancements, subsidies or ordinance. Free markets contrast aggressively with regulated markets, in which authoritiess straight or indirectly regulate monetary values or supplies, which harmonizing to free-market theory causes markets to be less efficient. Advantageous of free market economic system 1. market economic systems can set to alter easy ( If there is a demand for one thing, companies have the ability to alter what they produce alternatively of holding to travel through excessively much authorities protocol first ) 2. Rational ego involvement in market economic systems are besides encouraged ( allow freedom for people to make what they want, make what they want, and, sell what they want -to a certain extent- , this can besides be described as being able to make up one’s mind what is traveling to be produced, how it is traveling to be produced and for A whom it is traveling to be produced ) . the authorities tries to remain out of the manner of businesses- Although the authorities sets certain criterions concerns must follow- for the most portion concerns can make as they please. .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4 , .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4 .postImageUrl , .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4 , .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4:hover , .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4:visited , .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4:active { border:0!important; } .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4:active , .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4 .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue72850b8f569c59e2f541715313867b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Response to Going to Meet the Man by James Baldwin Essay3. there is a great assortment of goods and services for consumers ( If there is a demand for a good or service, the demand will about ever be met in a market economic system ) . 4. market economic system encourage competitory environment, ( competition does promote invention, and the free market economic system has produced good over a century of dizzying proficient advancement. At the same clip productiveness has besides increased at a phenomenal rate. A competition is one of the basic grounds why there are by and large so many different assortments A of goods A for consumers to take from. Besides Free economic system promotes economic invention in several ways: By spurring merchandise competition among companies in the same line of concern By exposing domestic houses to the best new thoughts around the universe Enabling local houses to import high-technology capital equipment and know-how, so that they can fabricate merchandises and present services at lower costs Examples Market economic system has come to be accepted as a norm across the universe with many developing states like Africa, India and China traveling towards a full-market orientated economic system and we have seen the Body Shop, based on strong ethical and corporate civilization, widely benefits from the availablity of free market without compromising its ethical criterions and organizational values. Limitations of Free Market As the authorities meddles and efforts to command the economic system, it causes economic discord. A states involvements are n’t taken attention of, in a free market you vote with your dollars. If there is a Russian speech production client base, you learn to talk Russian. Does n’t work good for services such as wellness attention. No goverment involved means some merchandises could be harmful to people It is non as disciplined and secured as regular market. Sometimes this works, but as 2008 is demoing, sometimes it doesn’t. Especially in a market-based economic system, where people want to do a net income, some unscrupulous folks may heighten their ain net income border at the disbursal of others, such as the consumer. The inclination toward net income may weaken the self-policing facets, and the consumer may non have the best trade. Scheme for Body Shop Although Free market economic systems have been successful in developed economic systems, will non be so in developing states and the lone resort for them is the theoretical account of the assorted economic system or societal market economic system. The welfare function of the province is retained in a societal market economic system which cares for the hapless. In instances where the hapless states are endeavoring towards a free market economic system, there should be certain sections controlled by the province but with prevalence of free endeavor such that efficiency is restored and the state moves towards economic prosperity. Free market economic system under centralised political control is the most effectual manner for these states. In a assorted type economic system, both the private ownership every bit good as the province takes portion in the agencies of production, distribution and other types of economic activities.both free-market and regulative forces are at work.A A Some see these forces as being at odds with each other ; others feel that the economic system works at its extremum when both forces are working together.A A Whatever you believe, many states, including the United States, have both systems at work at the same time, and the balance between the two dictates how the economic system, overall, will tendency. In world, all economic systems are assorted, though there are broad fluctuations in the sum of mix and the balance between public and private sectors. For illustration, in Cuba the authorities allocates the huge bulk of resources, while in Europe most economic systems have an even mix between markets and planning. Economic systems can be evaluated in footings of how efficient they are in accomplishing economic aims. ( 5 ) Free market available on hypertext transfer protocol: //www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/Economic_systems.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.economywatch.com/market-economy/advantages-market-economy.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.economywatch.com/world_economy/world-economic-indicators/mixed-economy.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.blurtit.com/q917361.html cubic decimeter ( accessed on 12june 2010 ) As it has really strong corporate civilization, supply concatenation direction, community engagements across Earth, effectual compaign against poorness and ethical issues, it has the possible to suit itself to demands of varing economic systems, whether free or regulated, or assorted economic system, and sucessfully remain competitory. Undertaking 4 Examination and Evaluation of organisational design and construction of Body store and cardinal direction patterns: In 2006, The Body Shop becomes portion of the L’Oreal Group. It retains its alone individuality and Values and continues to be based in the United Kingdom. It operates independently within the L’Oreal Group and is led by the current direction squad of The Body Shop describing straight to the CEO of L’Oreal, Jean-Paul Agon. The organisational structureof Body Shop has five basic elements as per Henry Mintzberg ‘s definition of administration. The Operating Core: Employees who perform the basic work related to the production of merchandises and services. In The Body Shop the operating nucleus is merchandise design and in writing design and production section. The Strategic Core: Top degree Management who are charged with the overall duty for the organisation. In the instance of The Body Shop its CEO and Top Line directors are its strategic nucleus devising policies and ordinance for the direction, executing and control. way of the organisation maintaining in head the factors of organisation ‘s repute, being, enlargement and growing. The Middle Line: Directors, who contact the operating nucleus to the strategic vertex. The Techno construction: Analyst who have the duty for impacting the certain signifiers of standardisation in the organisation e.g. In the instance of Body Shop the techno squad consists of its IT section, comptroller, work scheduler, long scope contriver. The Support Staff: Peoples who fill the staff unit, who provide indirect support services for the organisation. In the Body shop the undermentioned sections are fundamentally chief back uping section e.g. Public relation ; selling section including in shop staff, warehouse section and distribution section, paysheet section ( 6 ) 6 ) Organizational Design of the Body Shop: As per the web site of organisation, the basic design of the Body store includes the followers: The Body Shop In shop Behind the scene At place Marketing Department including selling staff Production Department Strategic Department Techno Department Product / Graphic design section Warehouse Department Distribution Department beginning ( 7 ) Organization values â€Å" Business organisation are non merely for the net income -their resources can be used to advance wider intents.the inspiration and the set of values associated guide the trading rules of organic structure store direction, which are: They aim to guarantee that human and civil rights, as set out in the cosmopolitan declaration of human rights, are respected throughout their concern activities. They will back up ling term, sustainable relationship with communities in demand. They will utilize environmentally sustainable resources wherever technically and economically feasible They will advance carnal protection throughout their concern activities and in many ways The overall corporate civilization and selling stategies of Body Shop support these ethical values. Body Shop organisational construction and planetary enlargement The Body Shop operates within a regional divisional construction. Centralized caput offices in the United Kingdom ( London and Littlehampton ) maintain planetary corporate and support maps. The company is so divided into four parts: UK and the Republic of Ireland ( ROI ) , the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, and South Africa, and Asia Pacific. Within each part are both company-owned shops and franchises as outlined. The divisional nature of the construction allows regional directors to â€Å" concentrate attempts on bettering operations in the ( parts ) for which they are responsible and the corporate officers can give their clip to overall strategic issues for the full corporation † ( Dess G. , 2006, p. 297 ) . This construction helps to suit rapid enlargement. Within the divisional construction and critical to TBS ‘s international enlargement scheme is master franchising, â€Å" whereby the franchisor ( TBS ) grants the maestro franchisee ( the regional division ) the right to franchise the franchisor ‘s construct to others within an sole district, making a three-party understanding. † ( Doherty, 1999 ) â€Å" By naming a caput franchisee in each major national market, Roddick was able to concentrate on the development of new productlines and the company ‘s planetary vision, instead than worry about the complexnesss of disposal or forces direction † ( HBR p. 4 ). Under this construction, there is a free-flow of information between central offices and parts, nevertheless the regional divisions become responsible for supplying information and supervising the sub-franchisees. It besides allows Body Shop caput office to concentrate on corporate strategic issues. Stakeholder civilization Its stakeholder civilization is its core competency. This civilization includes everything from committedness to the community, to the environment and to the protection of animate beings. The usage of stakeholder audience in combination with public coverage is a great manner to guarantee that that organisation is keeping their committedness of presenting value to the stakeholders. Undertaking 5 Discuss entrepreneurship and leading manner of laminitis, Anita Roderick. 500 Wordss Anita roddick- enterpriser An enterpriser is one who organizes, manages, and assumes the hazards of a concern or endeavor. Entrepreneurs live in the hereafter. They have originative personalities, are advanced, and thrive on alteration. Anita Roddick is surely a great enterpriser. Everything that embodies her exploits involves instruction and alteration. ( ) — — definition. Entrepreneurs have a vision of something new and they want to see how far it can travel. Entrepreneurs find the best manner of forcing thoughts along. Entrepreneurs use money to oil the wheels of success. Entrepreneurship has three parts, the individual, the thought and the resources For illustration her â€Å" trade non assistance † has priceless effects for states and people around the universe. But that is what entrepreneurs do! Entrepreneurs make alteration. Lashkar-e-taibas discuss few qualities of Anita as an enterpriser. Control Factor She prefered environments where they have maximal authorization and duty and make non work good in traditionally structured organisations. Like Entrepreneurs she had a demand to make and accomplish by holding control over events.it is of import as it helps show the self-government of an administration, which helps find a higher rate of enterpriser activity. Hazard Taking Entrepreneurs are determined to prosecute in hazardous actions in order to come up with new prospects.Likewise she has the bravery and the continuity to prosecute in her venture, even without the confidence of succeeding.. It may look like she is taking high hazards, but in actuality she had assessed the hazards exhaustively. Entrepreneur ‘s value system The 3rd personal factor is the enterpriser ‘s value system, which entails scrutiny, apprehension of one ‘s topographic point in the society, and the person ‘s thought about individuals and things. They have a ceaseless sense of urgency to make something. This corresponds with a high energy level.This includes the perceptual experience and the achievement motives of the enterpriser, for their values find their attitude towards their dedication with their work. Entrepreneur ‘s job resolution manner Invention and job resolution capablenesss are expected to be the nucleus of the entrepreneurial capableness of an enterpriser, for they are faced with a figure of challenges as they try to implement new thoughts and work out jobs, so their innovativeness counts. This helps entrepreneurs identify relationships in complex state of affairss. Chaos does non trouble oneself them because they can gestate order. Problems are rapidly identified and solutions offered. Employees/Environment †Most concerns focus all the clip on net incomes, net incomes, profitsaˆÂ ¦I have to state I think that is profoundly boring.I want to make an electricity and passion that bonds people to the company † . ( Anita Roddick ) .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6 , .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6 .postImageUrl , .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6 , .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6:hover , .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6:visited , .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6:active { border:0!important; } .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6:active , .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6 .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uef87e28b999fd9eb2c6a18a6234a38d6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bookseller of Kabul Essayshe ever strived difficult to supply and keep healthy civilizations, where employees felt the belief that they are portion of an exciting future.They come to work with a fire inside them, a consequence of clearly stated leading and concern patterns that everyone explicitly understands.Every individual in the company knows how to separately lend to its future.As an great entrpreneur Anita Selected Staff that Support the Vision of the Corporation. Corporate Governance-Anita ‘s Decision -making As portion of the efficient qualities of Roddick entrepreneurship, the Body Shop is really sing the construct of effectual corporate administration as their competitory advantage.Anita Roddick, as caput of the decision-making organic structure of the company, created a good system non merely in selling their merchandises but besides in keeping expressive relationship to their overall stakeholders. The Board of Body Shop has been able to achieve complete control of all affairs sing the company. Their self-perseverance and duty to their responsibilities and eventually, their obeisance to the company Torahs all contribute to the development of the corporation. The Board ‘s authorization is clearly recognised within the company. And because of this, it is able to hold a solid clasp on the corporation ‘s existent operations, stakeholders and its fiscal concerns. Clearly, these facts prove the strength of the company ‘s corporate administration construction which is really contemplation of enterpriser accomplishments of Anita Roddick. External factors civilization, function theoretical accounts, work experience, instruction, and environment besides contribute to do great enterpriser. .Anita Roddick ‘s educational and professional calling is all right case in this respect. These factors determine the success in concern ventures by its interaction and interrelatedness, which brings good effects to the company. Continous Strategic growing and strong trade name name of organic structure store is clear illustration of Anita ‘s accomplishments as an enterpriser. ( 10 ) Decision Dame Anita Roddick deserves the congratulationss for her model public presentation as an enterpriser. She has become successful because of the clear ends that she wants her Body Shop to hold and achieve. In her instance, hazard project, creativeness and being advanced, and beliefs, are the factors that made her a successful enterpriser. The first measure is non to win in the market place, but to come in the market place with a strong individuality. The Body Shop is merely person ‘s organic structure store. Now, it is everybody else ‘s â€Å" organic structure store. † â€Å" From merchandise development to human resource direction, The Body Shop has been described as â€Å" advanced, † â€Å" dare, † and even â€Å" extremist † . But there is no inquiry it was successful. † ( HBR p. 4 ) Task6 A treatment on Body store ‘s place in modern-day era- ( discuss in relation to globalization, emerging direction theories, important internal alterations and emerging functions of free market. 800 words. Body Shop has assorted rivals in decorative industry such as Proctor and Gamble, Unilever, Shiseido, L’Oreal, Avon, Revlon Boots, Nectar, Bath A ; Body Works, Origins, and Aveda etc. Let ‘s utilize follwing competitory concern theoretical account to analyze Body Shop ‘s competitory environment as general position. Please see Appendex for Porter ‘s Five Forces Industry Competitive Analysis 6.1 ) SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis helps to place major factors in the internal and external environment of a company. A SWOT analysis of Body Shop identifies countries on which the company needs to concentrate on in order to better company public presentation, so that we analysis and see the assorted phases of the SWOT analysis. Strengths Brand Loyalty – Body Shop is greatly dependent on its trade name repute which is a critical factor in gross revenues. Due to its alone merchandises, it has come out to be seen as one of the most environmentally friendly retail merchants. L’Oreal ‘s support – L’Oreal ‘s experience in advertizement, planetary trade name development, investing capital and selling can hike overall gross revenues. Community Trade -TBS beginnings low-priced natural stuff from deprived communities worldwide. As committedness to this plan addition, the company will be able to capitalise on these cost nest eggs and value making activities. Global Position -TBS is located in 55 states worldwide, cut downing its exposure to market hazards in one part. Due to this company in a good place and take advantages of growing chances in and around these part while increased planetary consciousness of the company. Niche selling – Body Shop targets a niche market. By saying that it is non proving its merchandises on animate beings and by looking to hold an ecological profile, it has appealed to clients with ethical issues. Bing the lone store in the shopping Centre that sells ecological merchandises, has given it advantage in the local market. Charity support – Body Shop provides fiscal assistance in charities by giving little sum of money. Management-it has really focussed direction and staff due to effectual corporate civilization. Failings Operation Cost- A diminution in profitableness was experienced in 2006, due to inefficient stock list supply direction and increasing operating costs as a consequence of reorganisation and franchise. Given the growing of the organisation and its recent restructuring, it is critical for The Body Shop to concentrate on bettering operational efficiency.A Reducing stock list retentions and bettering efficiencies within the supply concatenation are a great topographic point to get down in the context. Untrust on L’Oreal- Body Shop, unlike L’Oreal, has really rigorous policy on no carnal proving for decorative merchandises whci create possible environment of misgiving about new policy of L’Oreal after its geting of Body Shop. This indicated a loss of market portion within this strategic parts. this diminution is likely to be the recoil of TBS’loyal consumers to the alteration in ownership. That is the failing in future.Body Shop has to do certain it values and environmental policies should be observed along with L’Oreal. Opportunities Expanding market – Emerging market in developing states with the addition in consumers passing in developing states, big markets with high population are emerging in the Russian and Jordanian markets and can now concentrate on other turning markets in states such as Pakistan, China and India. The growing potency of these markets is what is driving the growing of full industry. Male Segmentation- with the turning figure of work forces interested in wellness and beauty productsthere is spread outing inclination for Male training merchandises. For illustration In 2006 the entire market for male training merchandises reached to $ 3 billion.This section has a great possible if the tendencies continue. They increase merchandises entree to clients, increasing consciousness, sales.and net incomes. Internet Channel- As consumers become more occupied on the cyberspace and with direct gross revenues, L’Oreal has the chance to spread out these channels to their fullest capacity through presenting them in new and emerging markets. Menaces L’Oreal different values-As a top performing artist in C A ; T industry, L’Oreal is known to back up assorted activities that are non in-line with TBS ‘s values, such as utilizing ingredients tested on animate beings. The coup d’etat of TBS by L’Oreal has do some protagonists to experience that TBS ‘s values no longer represents their ain and they will therefore non back up the company any longer. This causes a recoil and resulted in declined gross revenues and net income. Price- Market may go monetary value sensitive.if monetary value is major driving factor for consumer purchasing behavior so Body Shop has to revise its pricing scheme to remain in competition because its merchandise monetary values are comaparatively higher. More Competition-Market section growing could pull major competion.the wider competition is in the market is ever menace to Body Shop both domestically and internationally.so it has to remain one measure in front of its rivals in footings of merchandise design and client satisfaction. Management Manners at Body Shop Staff Motivation â€Å" Most concerns focus all the clip on net incomes, net incomes, profitsaˆÂ ¦I have to state I think that is profoundly deadening. I want to make an electricity and passion that bonds people to the company † Anita Roddick ( HBR p. 6 ) The Body Shop has healthy civilization, its employees are n’t kept in the dark ; instead they are supported in the belief that they are portion of an exciting hereafter. They come to work with a fire inside them, a consequence of clearly stated leading and concern patterns that everyone explicitly understands. Every individual in the company knows how to separately lend to its hereafter. It has the environment where direction promote staff to inquire inquiries to happen better working methods, promote argument. It is ever supportive of new thoughts which th keeps people interested and advanced. Such civilization involve staff in determination devising and it make heroes of employees who personify what company wants to see. It encourages to advance 2 manner appraisals staff to directors and directors to staff. And it helps to guarantee staff that they are non a solitary voice. Let them to turn. Hiring Staff The Body Shop choice Staff that Support the Vision of the Corporation.It looks for people who have energy and wonder. They should be able to take information and tally with it. It ever aims to use â€Å" large † people with large thought and large thoughts. Employ people that will suit in. General environment at Body Shop Steering people to the beginning of their ain power. Making a committedness to common ends and shared values. Weaving societal and environmental dimensions into the cloth of the company. There is a touchable sense of euphory. There is a sense of existent energy about the topographic point. There is a sense of joyful amateurism and merriment. There is a sense of lovingness, household and community. ( 12 ) Such direction manners and healthy corporate civilization transform and actuate employees to bring forth best single consequences which contibute to organizational growing and success.they are no more ordinary staff and people ; they are passionate and extremely bear down team-members lending organizational sucess, both locally and globally.So, we see from a individual store gap in Brighton in 1976 has sprung 100s of franchises throughout the universe. Anita sees the duty of concern as being supportive to the community both locally and globally. Mentions 4 ) Corporate duty available on, hypertext transfer protocol: //social-corporate-responsibility.suite101.com/article.cfm/corporate-social-responsibility-at- the-body-shop ( accessed on 8th June 2010 ) ( 5 ) Free market available on hypertext transfer protocol: //www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/Economic_systems.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.economywatch.com/market-economy/advantages-market-economy.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.economywatch.com/world_economy/world-economic-indicators/mixed- economy.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.blurtit.com/q917361.html ( accessed on 8th June 2010 ) ( 6 ) Organisational construction on, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.provenmodels.com/22 ( ( accessed on 18th June 2010 ) 10 ) Entrepreneur ‘s Hall of Fame: Anita Roddick, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ltbn.com/hall_of_fame/Roddick.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mission-coach.co.uk/pages/belief_model_leadership_anita_roddick.asp Roddick, Anita. Interview. The Entrepreneurial Mindset. 04 Sept. 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cwerty.com/members.asp gt ; . ( accessed on 6th June 2010 ) 12 ) Leadership manners available on, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mission-coach.co.uk/pages/belief_model_leadership_anita_roddick.asp Hamm, John. â€Å" The Five Messages Leaders Must Manage. † Harvard Business Review ( 2006 ) : 1-9. ( accessed on 26th May 2010 ) Beginning: Henry Mintzberg, Structure in Five: Planing effectual organisation, Page 279 ; Book Organizational Theory ( Third edition ) Stephen P. Robbins â€Å" Anita Roddick. † Business the Ultimate Resource. Cambridge: Perseus, 2002. 1134-1135. Bateman, Thomas S. , and Scott Snell. Management Leading and Collaborating in a Competitive World. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2007. Roddick, Anita. Business as Unusual. Chichester: Anita Roddick Books, 2005. Roddick, Anita. Interview. The Power of the Story. 04 Sept. 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cwerty.com/members.asp gt ; . hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/l/hi/business/4815776.stm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ltbn.com/hall_of_fame/Roddick.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thebodyshop.com/companycasestudy/naomaarron hypertext transfer protocol: //ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/the_body_shop/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bodyshop.com/global/index.aspA hypertext transfer protocol: //social-corporate-responsibility.suite101.com/article.cfm/corporate-social-responsibility-at-the-body-shop

PCs vs. Mainframes essays

PC's vs. Mainframes essays This paper will give a detailed comparison and contrast between Personal Computers (PCs) and mainframes. The first obvious difference between a PC and a mainframe is their size. A PC is about 18" square and maybe 8" wide. Most people could take one apart with little or no training and install a new component like a modem or sound card. You can buy a PC at most computer stores for less than $1500 and have a relatively powerful machine. In contrast, mainframes are very large and very expensive, and you would not be able to open one up and simply add new components. They are usually installed in temperature-controlled rooms with access being limited to authorized personnel. Maintenance is usually carried out by a third-party under strict contracts. A typical PC will have one processor running at about 2.6 GHz, a hard drive with 80 Gigabytes of disk space, and 256 to 512 MB of RAM. Mainframes on the other hand, can come with hundreds of hard drives in a sophisticated RAID array with 30+ Terabytes of storage capacity and typically mainframes will have multiple processors and gigabytes of memory. Most PCs will run a Windows operating system and function as clients in a network environment while mainframes exist only as servers and typically run some form of UNIX or Linux. There are a lot of variables when comparing the differences between PC's and mainframes, some of which include performance, reliability, and cost. In terms of raw CPU speed, there is probably not as big a difference as their once was. The differences lie mainly in reliability and I/O capabilities. Mainframes have a much larger I/O bandwidth than PC's have. Mainframe's have a lot of redundancy and serviceability features built in. The way they handle I/O is also much more efficient than the low-end PC boxes. Instead of one pathway into memory as in a PC, there are multiple memory banks providing multiple ports into memory. For example, Hitachi's Skylines have 16 po...

Comparison of Ground Support Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison of Ground Support Systems - Essay Example This essay discusses ground support that has been employed in underground mines in order to ascertain the security and protection of the personnel as well as the equipment working there as well as to fulfill the desired engineering purpose of the aperture. The rockmass around an aperture may be considerably fragmented and fractured as a result of the combination of stresses, discontinuities and also, because of the blasting activities for the production or development purposes. Also, pieces of rock, that may range from a few grams to many tones in mass, may fall or slough into the openings of the mine as a result of gravity. Moreover, rock can be violently dumped into the mine openings because of the seismic bursting. The support methods have been developed in order to avoid the falling or ejection of the rock into the mine openings. Screen mesh, resin or mechanical rock bolts, and plain or reinforced shotcrete have been found to be the indispensable features of the production cycle of mining in Canada for year and have improved in the safety of the operator and the equipment along with enhancing the recovery of the minerals. Beginning from the late 1980's, Urylon Plastics Inc. (previously Guelph, Ontario) and in the present times, Mine guard Canada , in association with the Department of Mining Engineering at Queen's University and the MIROC - Mining Industry Research Organization of Canada created an innovative and new rock support system that is known as MIROC MineguardTM. MIROC Mineguard comprises of a thin, durable and highly flexible 2-component polyurethane spray-on liner. The RockguardTM is another polyurethane/polyurea hybrid liner, which has been developed by Futura Coatings Incorporation in Missouri, USA, has become available recently. MineguardTM and Rockguardâ„ ¢ are considered as the best forms of spray-on liners and both of them will referred as polymer liner support in this study. The other spray-on products under testing and development are Master Builder’s epoxy-based product and Fosroc’s latex-based Tekflex product. All systems have been demonstrated not only in the laboratory but also in the underground so that they may work in a various ways. The technical aspects and properties of every support system have been documented well in the literature. Each support system has some technical constraints and benefits, but they will not be included in detail in this study. Although being technically sound with respect to engineering concepts, however, it is also vital to take in to account that whether it is also cost effective or not, and that how each method

Cases Analysis Part 3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cases Analysis Part 3 - Coursework Example In this specific case, stating that if Williams ever missed a payment, the store could repossess all the items that Williams had ever bought from Walker, regardless of how long ago they were purchased is a strong example of unconscionable clause. If the clause referred only to that one purchase to which the missed payment referred, it would not be considered unreasonable and unfair. I believe that in this case, the bargaining power of the parties was definitely unequal, placing the consumer in a disadvantaged position. Therefore, Williams should ask the Court not to enforce this specific clause, based on its unconscionability and unfairness. Moreover, in multiple previous cases, it was held that a court can refuse to enforce a clause, if it considers it unconscionable. For example, a leading case in this is Scott v. United States2, where it was held by the Supreme Court that: â€Å"If a contract be unreasonable and unconscionable, but not void for fraud, a court of law will give to the party who sues for its breach damages, not according to its letter, but only such as he is equitably entitled to.† Also, the Uniform Commercial Code provides exact stipulations on this matter in paragraph 2-302, where it stipulates that: â€Å"(1) If the court as a matter of law finds the contract or any clause of the contract to have been unconscionable at the time it was made the court may refuse to enforce the contract, or it may enforce the remainder of the contract without the unconscionable clause, or it may so limit the application of any unconscionable clause as to avoid any unconscionable result. (2) When it is claimed or appears to the court that the contract or any clause thereof may be unconscionable the parties shall be afforded a reasonable opportunity to present evidence as to its commercial setting, purpose and effect to aid the court in making the determination. â€Å"3 This means that by law, Courts are entitled to refuse to enforce a contract or a clau se, if it finds it unconscionable, which is the case of Williams. CHAPTER 12 CASE 3 There are several issues that Horizon House Microwave Inc. can use in its favor. First of all, it refers to Hall’s reasons to getting a job for HHM. If Hall decided to become an employee at HHM only because of the promise he was made by Bazzy, it is one thing. BUT, if Hall had been working for HHM for a period prior to the promise, the situation changes. This means that while being employed at HHM, Hall received a full salary package and he was actually fairly remunerated for his work and he suffered no material loss for not purchasing company stocks. Therefore, no material damages can be claimed by Hall from HHM. Another important issue that could be used by Bazzy to refuse to sell stock to Hall as agreed may be the lack of a written agreement on this, that would confirm Bazzy’s intention to be bound to the verbal promise he has made. I would advise Bazzy to refer to the General Statut es, specifically  § 42a-8-319 where it is expressly stipulated that "A contract for the sale of securities is not enforceable by way of action or defense unless (a) there is some writing signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought or by his authorized agent or broker sufficient to indicate that a contract has been made for sale of a stated quantity of described securities at a defined or stated price; or (b) delivery of the security has been accepted or payment has been made but the contract is

Effect of Massages During Pregnancy

Effect of Massages During Pregnancy Nikita S. Windham Pregnancy and Massage Research has discovered new information that maybe something can be done to help make pregnancy more tolerable that is not only safe but also effective. This solution is known as prenatal massage. Prenatal massage simply put is massage that is personalized specifically to the ever-changing bodies of pregnant women. One benefit of prenatal massage is that it can bring relief to aching muscles and joints. During pregnancy, a womans center of gravity is shifted. This new distribution of weight can put pressure on joints and cause muscles to ache. Massage can provoke the body to release endorphins, which are a natural pain reliever. (Nguyen, 2017) Along with relieving pain, the release of endorphins also contributes to calming the nervous system. The parasympathetic, or rest and digest, system is activated. This allows for better sleep and digestion, which in turn plays a part in decreased stress levels and improved mood. (Nyugen, 2017) Prenatal massage also increases blood circulation. This helps to reduce swelling (edema) and stiffness in muscles as more blood flow travels to those areas. Increased circulation also means that more oxygen and nutrients are pumped to the mother and ultimately the baby. This blood flow stimulates the lymph system, which in turn boosts immunity and toxin elimination. (Nyugen, 2017) Cautions and Contraindications Despite all the many benefits of prenatal massage, there are some instances where massage becomes inadvisable due to the potential harm that it could cause to the mother and baby. Circumstances in which massage should not be given can include sudden migraines, high blood pressure, edema from high blood pressure, preeclampsia, a history of preterm labor, and high-risk pregnancy. (Yogawiz, 2016) High-risk pregnancy can refer to certain conditions such as gestational diabetes, eclampsia, and heart conditions. Pregnant women under 15 or older than 35 and women carrying multiple babies are also considered high risk. Regardless, it is always best for the mother to consult with her doctor before attempting to receive a massage. (Cutler, 2014) Prenatal Massage Controversy There has been much controversy over what areas can and cannot be massaged during certain trimesters of pregnancy. There are specific reflexology points on the body that many have argued should not be pressed or massaged. The ankle is said to be the reflexology point that stimulates uterine contractions. Per Haller, there was a great study in 2014 in which researchers attempted to induce labor in 221 post-due date women by applying acupuncture needles. Even when poking these gals every other day for a week, none of the findings supported reflexology claims. (2015) There is also confusion over whether massage in the first trimester should avoided. It has been said that if a woman is massaged within the first trimester, it could potentially cause a miscarriage. Some sources say that there is no scientifically proven evidence that shows massage causes miscarriage. These sources say that contrary to popular belief, gentle massage can actually be soothing and comforting to both the baby and mother. (Soto, 2013) Despite all the conflicting ideas about massage during pregnancy, one thing can be agreed upon. Prenatal massage should be both beneficial and relaxing for the expectant mother. Pregnancy itself is already difficult, so this therapeutic touch can be a form of nurturing support for the soon to be mom. References Contraindications Of Pregnancy Massage. (2016). Retrieved March 14, 2017, from http://www.yogawiz.com/massage-therapy/pregnancy-massage/pregnancy-massage-contraindications.html#continued Cutler, N. (2014, March 18). High-Risk Pregnancy: Massage Caution or Contraindication? Retrieved March 14, 2017, from http://www.integrativehealthcare.org/mt/archives/2010/05/high-risk_pregn.html Haeller, R. (2015, November 30). Debunking Pregnancy Massage Myths. Retrieved March 14, 2017, from http://momsintow.com/news/debunking_pregnancy_massage_myths Soto, M. L. (2013, September 19). Dispelling the Myth of Avoiding First Trimester Massage. Retrieved March 14, 2017, from https://elementsmassage.com/park-ridge/blog/dispelling-the-myth-of-avoiding-first-trimester-massage Nguyen, Y. (2017, February 02). Prenatal Massage: Get Relief for Your Aches and Pains. Retrieved March 14, 2017, from https://www.fitpregnancy.com/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/prenatal-massage-get-relief-your-aches-and-pains

How does Owen make clear his feelings about war in Dulce et Dorcum est? :: English Literature

How does Owen make clear his feelings about war in Dulce et Dorcum est? The title of this poem which is ‘Dulce et Dorcum est,’ is a Latin saying which means, ‘It is sweet and honorable to die for your country.’ It is written by Wilfred Owen who gives us his opinion about this motto. He uses one of his brutal memories to support his views and to compare a stereotypical soldier as we visualize one in our heads and one as he saw whilst fighting in the war. This memory is of a time when Owen, along with his fellow soldiers is walking back to their rest place, when all of a sudden there is a gas attack. All except one of these soldiers manages to put on his gas mask in time; therefore he dies a horrible death. The poem explores a different mood for each of the four stanzas. In stanza one the mood is slow and weary. In stanza two there is a mood, which is fast and panicky. Stanza three explores a tragic mood and the final stanza has a mood of bitterness and anger. Owen is successful in providing detail throughout the poem. He is also successful in writing the poem as a memory, as he did fight in the war. In this poem he effectively shows his thoughts and expressions, as he wants the reader to think of them. Owen accomplishes the mood in verse one through his use of language. The poem starts with the words â€Å"Bent Double†, which introduces the image of a soldier as Owen remembers one. These words show us the action and figure of the soldiers. In reality you cannot walk bent really close to the ground, therefore these words can be considered as metaphors or slight exaggerations of what the soldiers were doing. These words start off the comparison of a real soldier with a stereotypical one. â€Å"Like old beggars under sacks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This implies the visual sight of the soldiers if an ordinary person were to see them. This sentence is a simile and therefore means that the soldiers look like beggars. The word ‘sacks’ helps us to visualize the soldiers walking really close to the ground, under the weight of a sack. The simile above can also express torn clothes worn by the soldiers, muddy faces, slight injuries taken on by the soldiers and the mental conditions that they were facing. The simile compares these soldiers to people who have nothing to lose and their uniform to ‘sacks’, which indicates their shabby conditions. Another word, which suggests the speed at which soldiers move, is â€Å"trudge.

Pre-Linguistic Development Essay

As linguistic development designates the stage when children are able to manipulate verbal symbols, it should be apparent that pre-linguistic development refers to the stage before the child is able to manipulate such symbols. Consequently, this stage is sometimes called the pre-symbolic stage. Pre-linguistic development, therefore, concerns itself with precursors to the development of symbolic skills and typically covers the period from birth to around 13 months of age. Four stages can be identified: * Vegetative sounds (0-2 months): the natural sounds that babies make, e.  g. crying, coughing, burping, and swallowing. * Cooing and laughter (2-5 months): these vocalizations usually occur when the baby is comfortable and content. They are typically made up of vowels and consonants. * Vocal play (4-8 months): the infant engages in longer and more continuous streams of either vowel or consonant sounds. * Babbling (6-13 months): at least two sub-stages are identified – reduplicated babbling, in which the child produces a series of Consonant-Vowel (CV) syllables with the same consonant being repeated (e.  g. wa-wa-wa, mu-mu-mu) and non-reduplicated babbling, consisting of either CVC vocalizations (e. g. mom, pip) or VCV vocalizations (e. g. ama, ooboo). [See Speech Development] Up to this stage of development much of what the child produces is really no more than a sort of verbal play. The child is practicing individual sounds, and sound sequences, and gaining the motor skills necessary to produce what will eventually be considered as actual adult words. So, young children make various sounds and others then assign meaning to these. So, for example, a child may reach for an object whilst at the same time saying ‘m’. An adult may interpret this as the child wanting help to get the object. The child, having realized that this combination of physical gesture (reaching) and articulating ‘m’ prompts an adult to pass the desired object, may go on to repeat this behavior. The child is learning that certain actions that he or she performs can be used to control his or her environment. These changes come about because the child’s ability to focus their attention on their caregiver and on objects becomes more refined as they mature. For example, from 0-2 months there is shared attentiveness in which only the baby and caregiver form part of any interactive event – all other elements are ignored. From 2-6 months there is interpersonal engagement when the baby is conceptually able to differentiate their own self from the caregiver and focus attention on each other and on the ‘message’ of the communicative event. Then, from about 6-15 months there is a shift such that the child is now able to focus attention on objects (e. g. cups, toys, books) and understand that the communicative event is focused on these. This is sometimes called joint object involvement. It is, however, the emergence of words from about 12 months onwards that signals the onset of linguistic development. This is the stage when there is symbolic communication emerges. Linguistic Development Linguistic development occurs at what is called the One Word Stage. It is at this stage that we can properly talk about a child’sexpressive language, i. e. the words used to express emotions, feelings, wants, needs, ideas, and so on. This should not be confused with the child’s understanding or receptive language. The two are, of course, closely related. However, a child will typically understand much more than he or she can actually express and a child’s expressive language, therefore, lags behind its comprehension by a few months. Early One Word Stage (12-19 months) Before the emergence of the first ‘adult’ words the child will use specific sound combinations in particular situations. The sound combinations are not conventional adult words but they appear to be being used consistently to express meaning. For example, if the child says mu every time he or she is offered a bottle of milk then this may be considered to be a ‘real’ word. Similarly, if the child says bibi each time he or she is given a biscuit then, even though the sound combination does not represent an exact adult word, it would still be considered an early word. These early words are called protowords. The child will also be using gesture together with these specific vocalizations in order to obtain needs, express emotions, and so on. The important point is that the child is consistent in his or her use of a particular ‘word’. Later One Word Stage (14-24 months) The words used by the child are now more readily identifiable as actual adult words. A variety of single words are used to express his or her feelings, needs, wants, and so on. This is the stage at which, amongst other things, the child begins to name and label the objects and people around them. Examples include common nouns such as cup dog hat proper nouns such as Dad Sarah Rover and verbs such as kiss go sit The child may also use a few social words such as no bye-bye please The child will not yet have developed all the adult speech sounds and so the words used are unlikely to sound exactly as an adult would say them. However, they are beginning to approximate more closely to an adult model and they are beginning to be used consistently. At the end of the One Word Stage the child should have a much larger vocabulary, should be able to sustain a simple conversation, be using several adult speech sounds appropriately, and be conveying meaning through the use of single words in combination with facial expression, gesture and actions. These single words will express a variety of meaning. The next stage in the child’s development of expressive language is that he or she begins to combine two words together into simplephrases. Two Word Stage (20-30 months) It is at this stage that the child begins to produce two-word combinations similar to the following. daddy car shoe on where Katie Note that a variety of different word classes may be combined: * For example, daddy car involves the combination of two words from the same word class of nouns one noun (daddy) with another noun (car). * However, shoe on consists of two words from two different word classes, nouns and prepositions: one noun (shoe) plus a preposition (on). * Also, where Katie uses a so-called interrogative pronoun (where) together with a proper noun (Katie). In fact, a high percentage of these two-word combinations incorporate nouns. This is not surprising, as the child has spent a lot of time learning the names of objects and people. These are the important things in his or her environment and the things that are most likely to be manipulated, talked about, and so on. They are often the concrete, permanent things to which the child can most readily relate. In addition, at this Two Word Stage there is also prolific use of verbs (e. g. go, run, drink, eat). Three Word Stage (28-42 months). As its name implies, at this next stage of development children extend their two-word utterances by incorporating at least another word. In reality children may add up to two more words, thereby creating utterances as long as four words. The child makes greater use of pronouns (e. g. I, you, he, she, they, me) at this stage, e. g. me kiss mummy you make toy he hit ball It is at this stage that the child also begins to use the articles the, a and an. At first their use is inconsistent but as the child approaches 42 months of age they become more consolidated in their utterances, e. g. me kick a ball you give the dolly he throw an orange. In addition, it is common for the prepositions in and on to be incorporated between two nouns or pronouns, e. g. mummy on bed you in it Sarah in bath Four Word Stage (34-48 months) From about 34 months the child begins to combine between four to six words in any one utterance. There is greater use of contrast between prepositions such as in, on and under and adjectives such as big and little, e. g. mummy on little bed daddy under big car daddy playing with the little ball Complex Utterance Stage (48-60 months) This stage is typified by longer utterances, with the child regularly producing utterances of over six words in length. It is at this stage that the concept of past and future time develops and this is expressed linguistically in a child’s utterances, e. g. we all went to see Ryan yesterday [past time] Daddy is going to get a shoe [future time] Robert stopped and kicked a good goal [past time] Some of the more conceptually difficult prepositions such as behind, in front and next to also become established at this stage. The child will also be using the contracted negative, e. g. can’t rather than can not, didn’t rather than did not, won’t rather than will not, and so on. Example utterances include the following. Helen can’t go to granddad’s house Connor didn’t stop crying he won’t eat up all his dinner for mummy There is a lot of controversy about just when the Complex Utterance Stage is completed. Some researchers claim that at five years of age a child has developed all of the major adult linguistic features and that the only real progression beyond this stage is the further acquisition of vocabulary items. Other researchers, however, argue that children up to the age of 12 years are still developing adult sentence structure. As indicated, our overview of language development has focused on how the child develops longer and longer utterances, i. e. it has concentrated on expressive language. It should be noted, however, that there is a parallel development of comprehension, or receptive language. So, for example, at the Early One Word Stage the child is capable of understanding a few single words spoken by others as well as speaking a few words. Similarly, at the Three Word Stage the child can also comprehend the four to six word utterances spoken by others as well as producing such utterances themselves. In summary, the child will need to be able to comprehend utterances at least at the same level as those that he or she is able to construct and use expressively. In reality, we find that a child’s level of understanding actually precedes their level of expression. That is to say, a typically developing child will always understand more than they can express. The extent to which the development of receptive language precedes expressive language is highly variable and it is not possible to define any precise norms. The following table summarizes the stages of early development of expressive language. Precursors to Language (Pre-linguistic)| 0-2 months| 2-5 months| 4-8 months| 6-13 months| reflexive crying and vegetative sounds| cooing and laughter| vocal play| babbling – reduplicated – non-reduplicated| (Symbolic) Language| 12-19 months| 14-24 months| 20-30 months| 28-42 months| 34-48 months| 48-60 months| Early One Word Stage(protowords)| Later One Word Stage| Two Word Stage| Three Word Stage| Four Word Stage| Complex Utterance Stage| Table 1. Early Development of Expressive Language.